verbs and grammar

• defective verbs

  verbs that do not have all of its parts; second principal parts look like perfect infinitives but are translated as present infinitives; perfect form has present meaning; pluperfect used for past tense
• memini, meminisse

  defective verb; to remember
• odi, odisse, osus sum

  defective verb; to hate
• deponent verbs

  passive endings, active meaning; only have first three principal parts; second sing is -ris or -re
• perfect deponents

  participle + different tenses of sum; participle declines to agree with subject of the verb; perfect uses present tense of sum; pluperfect uses imperfect tense of sum; future perfect uses future tense of sum; some verbs are regular but have a deponent third principal part
• supine

  defective fourth declension verbal noun; based on perfect passive participle (fourth principal part); only accusative singular and ablative singular; accusative used after verbs of motion/implied motion to indicate purpose; ablative used with neuter after certain adjectives to indicate in what respect something is applicable; formed by adding -um or -u to the fourth principal part
• principal parts

  1st - 1st s pres act ind; 2nd - pres act inf; 3rd - 1st s perf act ind; 4th - perf pass participle
• what is an infinitive?

  verbal noun; has some functions of a verb and acts as a noun; neuter nouns and adjs will agree with it; can also function as an acc when the direct object of another noun
• present infinitive

  verb stem + combining vowel + re
• perfect infinitive


  third principal part + -sse
• future passive infinitive


  accusative supine added to 'iri' (passive inf of "to go")
• present passive infinitive


  verb stem + i
• perfect passive infinitive


  verb stem + -us, -a, -um + esse
• future infinitive


  verb stem + -urus, -ura, -urum + esse
• sequence of tenses

  the tense of the subjunctive in subordinate clauses depends on the tense of the main clause; primary sequence (pres or fut) main clause + before = perf subj; primary sequence main clause + same time/after = pres subj; historic sequence (imperf, perf, pluperf) main clause + before = pluperf subj; historic sequence main clause + same time/after = imperf subj
• passive periphrastic

  gerundive + est/sunt used to emphasize necessity; tense of sum is used to specify a tense other than the present; past necessity (had to...) will use gerundive + erat/erant; future necessity (will have to...) uses gerundive + erit/erunt