Final Review

• What stage of the cell cycle is most sensitive to radiation?

  G2 and M
• When does cellular differentiation occur?

  when a cell undergoes mitosis
• Which cell cycle isn't preparing for DNA replication?

  G0
• S phase is when DNA synthesis occurs where DNA is replicated to ensure that the resulting daughter cells will have identical genetic material
• Which type of tumor is usually well differentiated and encapsulated?

  benign
• Which type of tumor invades and destroys normal tissue?

  malignant
• Why type of tumor has a slow growth?

  benign
• Benign tumors cause little harm to the host. Malignant tumors can be fatal.
• What is another name for anaplastic?

  undifferentiated
• T/F Undifferentiated resembles the cells.

  False
• Sarcomas arise from mesenchymal cells. (Cartilage & bone)
• carcinomas originate from epithelium.
• What assess the aggressiveness based on differentiation?

  tumor grade
• Etiology

  study of cause of disease
• Epidemiology

  study of incidence of disease
• examples of risk factors


  cig smoke, HPV, alcohol, sun exposure, diet, obesity
• The staging system used to describe tumor spread


  TNM system
• Tumor-suppressor genes are anti-oncogenes
• What are the categories of tumor grade?

  • Well differentiated
  • moderately differentiated
  • poorly differentiated
  • undifferentiated (anaplastic)
• Post-therapy staging

  after the 1st course of treatment to see how it is
• fine needle aspiration

  removes cells but cannot retain architecture of tumor
• core needle aspiration

  large gauge needle used, can preserve tumor architecture
• excisional biopsy 


  entire tumor removed
• incisional biopsy

  partial tumor removed
• brachytherapy

  uses radioactive sources

  short distance therapy
• neoadjuvant

  administered before the primary treatment
• What is the goal of neoadjuvant therapy?

  for subsequent treatment to be more effective

  increase chances of successful outcome
• Which member creates the treatment plan?

  dosimetrist
• Who is responsible for administering treatment and daily assessment of the patient?

  RTT
• What is the ethical principle that relates to fairness and equal treatment for all

  justice
• What emphasizes the right of patients to make decisions for themselves, free of interference by others?

  autonomy
• What is defined as doing good and calls on healthcare professionals to act in the best interest of the patient?

  beneficence
• What directs healthcare professionals to avoid harmful actions on patients?

  nonmaleficence
• What is truthfulness within the realm of healthcare practice?

  veracity
• What is the principle that reminds healthcare professionals that they must be faithful to their role in the healthcare environment?

  fidelity
• requires disclosing reasonable alternatives available to the patient and discussing probable outcome if no treatment is pursed which must be secured in writing

  informed consent
• legal document that allows an individual to designate any willing individual, 18 or older to be his/her surrogate and make decisions in matter of healthcare

  Durable power of attorney
• allows competent adult to provide direction to healthcare providers concerning his or her choice of treatment

  living will
• type of law that governs noncriminal activities

  civil law
• What is a type of civil law that is for personal injury law?

  tort law