module 8

• Organisms are made up of cells, when these cells combined

  together it forms tissues.
• Tissues are group of similar cells that perform specific

  function.
• Organisms are classified as unicellular and multicellular.
• Unicellular organisms consist of one cell as in lower forms

  of organisms
• multicellular organisms are demonstrated by higher forms.
• Epithelial Tissue

  -It covers the body’s internal and

  external surfaces with one or more

  layers of tightly packed cells.

  -These tissues cover organ surfaces

  such as the surface of the skin, the

  airways, the reproductive tracts and

  the inner lining of your digestive tract.

  -The other functions of it include protection, nutrient

  absorption (along the intestinal tract

  and gas diffusion in lungs), and

  secretion (glandular secretion).
• Epithelial Tissue

  -It covers the body’s internal and

  external surfaces with one or more

  layers of tightly packed cells.

  -tissues cover organ surfaces

  such as the surface of the skin, the

  airways, the reproductive tracts and

  the inner lining of your digestive tract.

  -The other functions of epithelial

  tissue include protection, nutrient

  absorption (along the intestinal tract

  and gas diffusion in lungs), and

  secretion (glandular secretion).

  
• Two groups of epithelial tissues

  -Simple epithelium

  -Stratified epithelium
• Simple epithelium which is

  consists of a single layer of

  cells
• Stratified epithelium is made of multiple cell layers
• basement membrane provides structural and support for the epithelium and bind it to neighboring structures.
• Simple squamous epithelium

  -Single layer of flat cells with oval

  nuclei and arranged like tiles on

  the floor.

  -Found in the linings of lungs,

  blood vessel and capillary walls

  -allows passage of

  materials by diffusion

  
• Simple cuboidal epithelium

  -each cell has spherical nucleus in the

  center.

  -It is commonly found in

  secretive or absorptive

  tissues such as kidney

  tubules, ducts and small

  glands and surface of the

  ovary.

  
• Simple columnar epithelium

  -This epithelium usually

  forms the lining of

  stomach and intestine.

  -Their cells are elongated

  and column-shaped with

  elongated nuclei. Some

  columnar cells are

  specialized for sensory

  perception such as nose,

  ears and taste buds of the

  tongue.

  
• Ciliated epithelium

  -Made up of cells which can be

  either columnar or cuboidal, but in

  addition, they possess fine hairlike

  outgrowths called cilia on their

  free surfaces.

  -They are usually found in air

  passages like the nose, in the

  uterus and in the fallopian tubes.

  
• the ciliated, pseudostratified columnar

  epithelium lining the tracheal

  lumen. This epithelium is

  commonly referred to as

  "respiratory epithelium".
• Muscle Tissue

  are

  specialized cells that have

  a primary function of

  contraction and their cells

  are called muscle fibers

  which are elongated and

  arranged in parallel

  arrays. Their coordinated

  contraction results in

  movement.

  
• Three kinds of muscle are

  found in vertebrates.

  -Skeletal muscle

  -Smooth muscle

  -Cardiac Muscle
• skeletal muscle

  -fiber: striated, tubular and multi nucleated

  -voluntary

  -usually attached to skeleton

  
• smooth muscle

  -fiber: non-striated, spindle shaped, and uninucleated

  -involuntary

  -usually covering wall of internal organs

  
• muscle fiber

  is composed of cytoplasm, the sarcoplasm and its membrane called sarcolemma
• embedded in the sarcoplasm are many myofibrils and mitochondria
• each myofibril in turn is composed of two kinds of contractile proteins, actin and myosin
• skeletal

  based on location, if they are attached to the bones like biceps, triceps, pectoralis
• visceral or smooth

  if they are located in the walls of hallow internal structures like stomach, intestines and blood vessels
• cardiac

  if they make up the hearts
• striated

  if cross striations are observed or unstraited

  smooth

  if cross striations are not
• voluntary muscle

  are found outside of the skeleton and under control of the will

  involuntary muscle

  produce movements over which we have no control, such as motions of the stomach and other hollow internal organs
• striated muscle

  -made up of long filamentous fibers with many elongated nuclei in --the sarcolemma and the presence of many striations of the dark and light cross bands
• smooth or visceral muscle

  which is made up of spindle-shaped cells and it is found in the walls of visceral organs. it is non-striated or smooth in appearance
• cardiac muscle

  a very special type of muscle, which is striated and involuntary
• intercalated disk

  the fibers are characterized by branches with cross striations and unique dark band

  where two cell membranes are adjacent to each other
• connective tissue

  is to bind together various parts of the body, to give form and support the body and lastly, forms rigid structures capable of resisting pressure and shocks
• extracellular matrix

  this is non-living material composed of protein fibers and ground substance
• the protein fibers are composed of collagen and elastin

  -which give strength and flexibility while the ground substance supports the cells and fibers
• loose or areolar connective tissue

  is a loosely fibro-elastic tissue consists of a clear amorphous ground substance which holds together coagulable tissue fluids, various cells and all fibers
• dense connective tissue

  contains tightly packed collagen fibers, making it stronger than loose connective tissue.
• Adipose or fat tissue

  has clear oval fat cells, its cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed to the side of each cell by a globule if fat. This tissue function for the nutrient and fat storage.
• hyaline cartilage

  -which can found n the particular ends of long bones, the ventral ends of the ribs, the nose, the larynx the trachea and the bronchi

  -is more common than fibrous and elastic cartilages

  -it is bluish-white translucent and quite homogenous
• chondrocytes

  -the cartilage cells

  -are found in the small cavities called lacunae which are scattered through the chondrin matrix