External

• Cultural capital

  • Diver and Ballard = Close nit extended families and high parental expectations increase levels of achievement in Asian communities
  • Archer and Francis = Chinese parents saw education as very important, desire for achievement in Chinese families
• Cultural deprivation

  • Bereiter + Engelmann = language spoken by low income black American Families are inadequate for education
  • Francis + Archer = migrant families deprived of education have a strong desire to provide their children with good education
  • Driver + Ballard = Asian children whose first language wasn't English were as good as their English classmates by 16
• Material deprivation

  • Lupton = material deprivation isn't just about income levels but also access to resources and opportunities
  • Swann Report = socio-economic status factors in low levels of achievement in Afro-Caribbean pupils
  • Joseph Rowntree Foundation = ethnic minority workers in low paid jobs often face barriers to promotion
• Racism

  • Rex = racism workers at different levels like the societal norms, role of economic factors shape racist ideologies and serves as a tool to justify inequalities in resources and opportunities