Internal

• Becker, labelling

  Teachers tend to evaluate pupils in comparison to an imaginary ideal student by looking at their social class > negative labelling leads to self-fulfilling prophecy of failure
• Ball, streaming

  Pupils in top streams tended to be from higher social classes
• Woods, subcultures


  Many reactions to school, but non-conformist reactions were more likely to come from working class students
• Nike identity

  Archer = some pupils may wear branded clothing to gain status as they can't gain status through academic achievements
• Willis


  W/c boys formed an anti-school subculture and disrupted lessons to gain respect from others within the subculture, believed school was no use