Intro to AnaPhy

• Anatomy


  The study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts
• Physiology


  The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
• Anatomy and physiology are closely integrated

  The principle of complementarity of structure and function states that all specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure relates to its function
• Human anatomy


  The study of the structure of the human body
• Types of anatomy


  • Gross anatomy
  • Microscopic anatomy
• Gross anatomy


  Examines large structures, visible with the naked eye
• Microscopic anatomy


  Examines structures that can only be seen using magnification, such as cells and molecules
• Types of gross anatomy

  • Surface anatomy
  • Regional anatomy
  • Sectional anatomy
  • Systemic anatomy
  • Clinical anatomy
  • Pathological anatomy
  • Radiologic anatomy
  • Surgical anatomy
  • Developmental anatomy
  • Embryology
• Surface anatomy


  Anatomy of body surface
• Regional anatomy


  Anatomy of specific body areas
• Sectional anatomy


  Understanding the relationship of body structures by examining cross sections
• Systemic anatomy


  Anatomy of organ systems
• Clinical anatomy


  Anatomy as used in clinical practice
• Pathological anatomy


  Anatomical changes during illness
• Radiologic anatomy


  Anatomical structures seen using imaging techniques
• Surgical anatomy


  Anatomical landmarks important in surgery
• Developmental anatomy


  Anatomical changes from fertilization to adulthood
• Embryology


  The study of early developmental processes
• Cytology


  The study of the structure of cells
• Histology


  The study of the structure of tissues
• Human physiology


  The study of the function of the human body
• Types of physiology


  • Cell physiology
  • Organ physiology
  • Systemic physiology
  • Pathological physiology
• Cell physiology


  The study of the function of cells and their chemical processes
• Organ physiology


  The study of the function of specific organs
• Systemic physiology


  The study of function of organ systems
• Pathological physiology


  The study of effects of diseases on organs or systems
• Physicians use anatomical, physiological, chemical, and psychological information to evaluate patients
• Signs and symptoms


  • Signs
  • Symptoms
• Signs


  Objective disease indications (such as a fever)
• Symptoms


  Subjective disease indication (such as tiredness)
• Diagnosis process


  1. Careful observation

  2. Proposing a hypothesis

  3. Testing the hypothesis through experimentation
• Six levels of organization of the human body

  • Chemical level
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • Organ system level
  • Organism level
• Chemical level


  Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter; molecules consist of two or more atoms
• Cellular level


  Cells are the smallest living units in the body
• Tissue level


  A tissue is a group of cells working together to perform specific functions
• Organ level


  Organs are made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions
• Organ system level


  An organ system is a group of organs interacting for a particular function
• Humans have 11 organ systems
• Organism level


  An organism is an individual life form
• Body cavities


  Closed, fluid filled cavities that are lined by a thin serous membrane; contain the vital organs (viscera) of the trunk