Chapter 6 - Ankle and Foot

• The tarsus (ankle) is the proximal region of the foot and consist of 7 tarsal bones
• Tarsal Bones

  A - Calcaneus (Heel)

  B - Talus (Ankle)

  C - Cuboid

  D - Navicular

  E - Lateral Cuneiform

  F - Intermidiate Cuneiform

  G - Medial Cuneiform

  
• Metatarsus: the group of bones in the foot, between the ankle and the toes.

  
• The metatarsals articulate proximally with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd cuneiform and cuboid
• Phalanges : The bones of the fingers and toes.

  A) Phalanges

  B) Distal

  C) Middle

  D) Proximal

  
• Joints of the Foot

  • Tarsometatarsal Joints
  • Intermetatarsal Joints
  • Metatarsophlanges Joints
  • Proximal Interphalanges Joints
  • Distal Interphalanges Joints
• Ligaments of ankle

  A) Posterior Talofibular Ligament

  B) Anterior talofibular ligament

  C) Calcaneofibular ligament

  
• Arches of the foot : arranges in two arches usually are fully developed by the age of 12 / 13 years old
• Medial Longitudinal Arch (MLA): formed by the navicular bone, three cuneiform bones, first metatarsal bone, medial side of the second to fifth metatarsal bones.
• Transverse Arches: Formed by the tarsal bones and metatarsal bones on both sides of the midfoot.
• Lateral longitudinal arch (LLA): formed by the calcaneum, cuboid, lateral side of the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones.
• Foot Movement

  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantarflexion
  • Eversion
  • Inversion
• Muscles that move the foot and toes are located in the leg

  ◦ Anterior compartment of the leg

  ◦ Lateral (fibular) compartment of the leg

  ◦ Superficial posterior compartment of the leg ◦ Deep posterior compartment of the leg

  ◦ Deep posterior compartment of the leg
• Anterior Compartment of Leg Muscles: Dorsiflexes the ankle joint and flexes the toes at the MTP joints
• Tibialis anterior muscle is responsible for dorsiflexing the ankle joint and evert the foot
• Extensor hallucis longus muscle extends the big toe at the MTP joint
• Tibialis anterior muscle is responsible for dorsiflexing the ankle joint and evertor movement of the foot
• Extensor digitorum longus muscle extends all four smaller toes at their MTP joints
• Extensor digitorum longus muscle extends the other four toes at the MTP joints
• Fibularis muscles are also known as peroneals
• The intrinsic muscles divided into groups: dorsal and plantar
• Dorsal group includes extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis, abductor hallucis, adductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, lumbricals, interosseous muscles
• Plantar group includes quadratus plantae, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor accessorius hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis
• Ligaments include lateral collateral ligament, medial collateral ligament, deltoid ligament, transverse tarsal ligament, calcaneonavicular ligament, spring ligament, bifurcate ligament, plantar aponeurosis
• Plantar group includes quadratus plantae, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor accessorius hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi
• Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joint is formed by the tarsal bones and metatarsal bones