1.2 - FIGURES OF SPEECH

• Figures of Speech - are expressions that use words or phrases to achieve effects beyond the ordinary language.
• What are the basic figures of speeches?

  • Simile
  • Metaphor
  • Personification
  • Metonymy
  • Synecdoche
  • Hyperbole
  • Litotes
  • Oxymoron
  • Paradox
  • Apostrophe
  • Allusion
  • Irony
• Simile - A specific comparison between two dissimilar elements or ideas  using the words “like” and “as”.
• Impressions poured in upon her of those two men, and to follow her thought was like following a voice which speaks too quickly to be taken down by...

  Simile
• "Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa.”

  Simile
• Othello: She was false as water.

  Emilia: Thou are rash as fire,

  Simile
• Metaphor - The use of word or phrase denoting one kind of idea or object in place of another word
• “…and it’s you are whatever a moon has always meant and whatever a sun will always sing is you …”

  Metaphor
• “Her mouth was a fountain of delight. And when he possessed her, they seemed to swoon together at the very borderland of life’s mystery.”

  Metaphor
• Personification - is a figure of speech wherein inanimate objects and abstract ideas are given human attributes.
• “When well-appareled April on the heel

  Of limping winter treads.”

  Personificaton
• It was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it.

  Personification
• “Because I could not stop for Death –He kindly stopped for me"

  Personification
• Metonymy - is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. 
• “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.”

  Metonymy
• “The little buried mole continues blind, Why flesh that mirror Him must someday die…”

  Metonymy
• Synecdoche - is a literary device in which a part of something represents the whole, or it may use a whole to represent a part.
• “His eye met hers as she sat there paler and whiter than anyone in the vast ocean of anxious faces about her.”

  Synecdoche
• “His eye met hers as she sat there paler and whiter than anyone in the vast ocean of anxious faces about her.”

  Synecdoche
• Hyperbole - is a figure of speech that involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.
• “I’ll love you, dear, I’ll love youTill China and Africa meet,And the river jumps over the mountainAnd the salmon sing in the street,I’ll love you till the oceanIs folded and hung up to dry.”

  Hyperbole
• “Neptune’s ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No. This my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red."

  Hyperbole
• Litotes - Derived from a Greek word meaning “simple."
• Litotes - is a figure of speech that employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in other words, a positive statement expressed by negating its opposite expressions.
• “I am not unaware how the productions of the Grub Street brotherhood have of late years fallen under many prejudices.”

  Litotes
• “Indeed, it is not uncommon for slaves even to fall out and quarrel among themselves about the relative goodness of their masters, each contending for the superior goodness of his own over that of the others.”

  Litotes
• Irony - A figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words.
• “Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink;Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.”

  Irony
• “Go ask his name: if he be married. My grave is like to be my wedding bed.”

  Irony
• 3 Kinds of Irony

  • Verbal Irony
  • Dramatic Irony
  • Situational Irony
• Paradox - is from the Greek word paradoxon
• Paradoxon - means "contrary to expectations, existing belief, or perceived opinion.”
• “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.”

  Paradox
• “I must be cruel to be kind.”

  Paradox
• “The child is father of the man…”

  Paradox
• Oxymoron - A figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect.
• Oxymoron - is a combination of an adjective proceeded by a noun with contrasting meanings.
• “the shackles of love straiten’d himHis honour rooted in dishonoured stoodAnd faith unfaithful kept him falsely true”

  Oxymoron
• “I find no peace, and all my war is doneI fear and hope, I burn and freeze like ice,I flee above the wind, yet can I not arise;”

  Oxymoron
• Apostrophe - a figure of speech sometimes represented by an exclamation.