Chemistry test 4

• Catalysts

  A substance that increases the rate of a reaction and doesn't get used up in the reaction
• Organic catalysts

  • Enzymes
  • Lipase
  • Protease
• Inorganic catalysts

  • Transmission elements
  • Pd- palladium
  • Rh- rhodium
  • Pt- platinum
  • Ni- nickel
• Acids

  • HCl - hydrochloric acid
  • HNO3 - nitric acid
  • HBr - hydrobromic acid
  • HF - hydrofluoric acid
  • H2SO4 - sulfuric acid
  • H2CO3 - carbonic acid
  • H3PO4 - phosphoric acid
  • CH3COOH - ethanoic acid
  • HCOOH - methanoic acid
• Bases

  • NaHO - sodium hydroxide
  • NaHCO3 - sodium hydroxide carbonate/ sodium bicarbonate
  • NH3 - ammonia
  • CuO - copper (II) oxide
  • CaCO3 - calcium carbonate
• Types of bases

  • Metal hydroxide
  • Metal hydrogen carbonate
  • Ammonia
  • Metal oxide
  • Metal carbonate
• Strong acids

  Will completely ionise/dissociate in water
• Weak acids

  Will partially ionise/dissociate in water
• Strong bases

  Will completely ionise/dissociate in water
• Weak bases

  Will partially ionise/dissociate in water
• Determining the strength of acids

  1. pH measurements

  2. Reactivity measurements

  3. Measuring the rates of effervescence when reacted with metals/carbonates
• Hydrochloric acid


  → chlorides
• Nitric acid

  → nitrates
• Sulfuric acid

  → sulfates
• Reactions of acids

  1. Acid + metals → salt + hydrogen gas

  2. Acid + bases → salt + water

  3. Acid + carbonates → salt + carbon dioxide + water
• Oxides

  Can be classified as acidic, basic, amphoteric or neutral
• Acidic oxides

  Formed when a non-metal element combines with oxygen, they react with bases to form a salt and water
• Basic oxides

  Formed when a metal element combines with oxygen, they react with acids to form a salt and water
• Examples of basic oxides

  • CuO
  • CaO
• Amphoteric oxides

  Can behave as both acidic and basic, depending on whether the other reactant is an acid or a base
• Examples of amphoteric oxides

  • ZnO
  • Al2O3
• Neutral oxides


  Do not react with either acids or bases
• Examples of neutral oxides

  • N2O
  • NO
  • CO
• Solubility rules

  • All sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble
  • All nitrates are soluble
  • All chlorides are soluble, except lead and silver chlorides
  • All sulfates are soluble, except calcium, barium and lead sulfates
  • Sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonates are soluble but all the other carbonates are insoluble
• Acids are proton donors (donate H+)
• Bases are proton acceptors (accept H+)
• pH Scale

  
• Indicator Table