LTM

• Long-term memory (LTM)


  Stores a potentially unlimited amount of information relatively permanently
• Types of LTM


  • Explicit memory
  • Implicit memory
• Explicit memory


  LTM that can be consciously retrieved
• Implicit memory


  LTM that does not require conscious or intentional revival
• Episodic memory


  LTM of personally significant events associated with a particular time and place
• Semantic memory


  LTM of facts and knowledge about the world
• Differences between episodic and semantic memory

  • Episodic memories are tagged with details of time and place
  • Semantic memories are not tagged with details of time and place
• Canadian psychologist Endel Tulving (1993) described episodic and semantic memory as sub-systems that store different kinds of info but interact when forming new memories
• Procedural memory


  LTM for the skills involved in particular tasks
• Classically conditioned memory


  Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli acquired through classical conditioning
• Explicit memory examples


  • Remembering the colours of the Italian flag
  • What you ate for dinner last night
  • When you last cried
• Semantic memory examples


  • Facts learnt at school
  • Meaning of words
  • Rules of grammar
  • Concepts and abstract ideas
• Implicit memory examples


  • Brushing teeth
  • Tying shoelaces
  • Riding a bike
• Remembering usually is effortless
• Implicit memory is called non-declarative because it’s difficult to describe in words, but easy to demonstrate in actions or behaviours
• Procedural memory examples


  • Brushing your teeth
  • How to drive a car
  • Use chopsticks
  • Play a G chord on guitar
• Classically conditioned memory involves involuntary reflex responses
• Conditioned responses are acquired through classical conditioning
• 2 unrelated stimuli become associated/paired

  This causes an involuntary/physiological response