chapter 16 sexual reproduction

• Heredity 

  The passing down of genetic material from one generation to the next during sexual reproduction 
• Puberty 

  -body undergoes various physical changes and matures sexually 

  -hormones are chemicals produced by the body that control activities 
• Male reproductive system 

  -sex glands

  -sperm duct

  -urethra

  -testis

  -penis
• Female reproductive system

  -oviduct

  -ovary

  -uterus

  -cervix

  -vagina
• sex glands 

  Produce nutrient fluid to nourish the sperm 
• sperm duct 

  Carries sperm from the testes to the urethra 
• urethra 

  Allows sperm to pass through during ejaculation 

  Allow urine to be removed from the body
• Testis 

  Produce sperm 

  Produce male sex hormones 
• Penis 

  Deposits semen into the vagina 
• oviduct 

  Where egg is released from the ovary 

  Fertilisation take place here 
• ovary 

  Produces eggs 

  Produces female sex hormones 
• uterus 

  Muscular organ where embryo develops into a foetus 

  Uterine lining that thickens to prepare for implantation and breaks down when no fertilisation occurs 
• cervix

  Opening of the uterus 

  Connects uterus to vagina 
• vagina 

  Sperm are deposited 

  Birth canal 
• Substance abuse

  -babies may be born premature and organs may not be fully developed 

  -underdeveloped immune system and higher risk of getting infections 
• Smoking

  -affect development of fetus's heart, lungs and brains 
• Alcohol consumption 

  -physical, intellectual and behavioural challenges in the child 
• Rhythm method 

  -do not engage in sexual intercourse during fertile period 

  -unreliable 
• Condom 

  -rubber covering 

  -placed over penis to prevent sperm from entering uterus 
• Spermicide 

  -cream that kills sperm in the vagina 
• Intra-uterine device 

  -inserted in the uterus by a doctor 

  -prevents sperm from fertilising egg 

  -prevents embryo from being implanted in the uterus 
• Birth control pill 

  -contain female sex hormones to disrupt the release of egg and prevent fertilization 
• Diaphragm 

  -dome shaped made of plastic 

  -placed in the vagina to cover the cervix by a doctor 

  -prevents any sperm from entering the uterus 
• Tubal ligation 

  -oviducts are surgically cut and tied and egg that are released cannot be fertilized 
• Vasectomy 

  -sperm duct are surgically cut and tied and sperm cannot be released 

  -semen will not contain sperm 
• Abortion 

  -deliberate termination of a pregnancy 

  -foetus is removed through medication or surgical means 
• Sexually transmitted infections  

  -through blood transfusion 

  -sharing of unsterilised or contaminated needs used by an infected person 

  -mother to an infant during childbirth or breastfeeding 
• Syphilis 

  -bacterial 

  -painless sores and red rashes 

  -blindness, paralysis, major brain and heart damage and infertility 
• Gonorrhoea

  -bacterial

  -burning sensation during urination 

  -discharge of pus from penis or vagina 

  -infertility 
• Human immunodeficiency virus 

  -viral 

  -development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome resulting in weakened immune system 

  -death