ITP 3 - GROWTH & DEV

• Human Development - stages/phases we go through before fully functioning.
• Prenatal (Conception to Birth) - Development begins at conception, with the formation of a zygote. During this stage, the foundations for all future growth and development are laid as the body systems and organs develop.
• Infancy (Birth - 2 Weeks) - This initial stage focuses on basic survival functions like feeding, sleeping, and reflexive responses. It is a critical time for establishing the infant's attachment to caregivers.
• Babyhood (2 Weeks - 2 Years) - Rapid growth occurs as motor skills, sensory development, and early cognitive abilities emerge. This period is marked by milestones such as crawling, walking, and first words.
• Early Childhood (2 - 6 Years) - Often called the “play age,” this stage involves the development of language, social skills, and basic cognitive processes. Children begin to explore their environment more independently.
• Late Childhood (6 - 12 Years) - Characterized by improved cognitive abilities and learning, children in this stage develop self-awareness, friendships, and a sense of competence through school and activities.
• Puberty / Pre-adolescence (10 - 12/13 - 14 Years) - physical changes like the development of secondary sexual characteristics occur. This stage bridges childhood and adolescence, where identity and independence start forming.
• Adolescence (13/14 - 18 Years) - experience further physical development, along with complex emotional and cognitive growth. This stage is crucial for identity formation, social relationships, and the exploration of personal values.
• Early Adulthood (18 - 40 Years) - This stage involves the assumption of societal roles and responsibilities, such as pursuing higher education, starting a career, and forming intimate relationships. Adults face expectations to establish independence and stability.
• Middle Adulthood (40 - 60 Years) - Adults in this stage often focus on maintaining their established lives, contributing to society, and experiencing life transitions like career changes or caring for aging parents. There is an increased awareness of aging.
• Old Age (60 - Death) - This final stage involves reflection on life, coping with physical decline, and, often, a focus on legacy and life review. Social roles shift as individuals retire and experience changes in social relationships and health.
• Cephalocaudal Law -  Development progresses from the head downwards. For example, infants gain control over their head and neck muscles before they can control their arms and legs.
• Proximodistal Law - Development occurs from the center of the body outward. Motor skills, such as reaching and grasping, develop in the arms and hands before fingers and toes.
• Eight Psychosocial Stages

  1. Trust VS Mistrust
  2. Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt
  3. Initiative VS Guilt
  4. Industry VS Inferiority
  5. Identity VS Role Confusion
  6. Intimacy VS Isolation
  7. Generativity VS Self Absorption
  8. Ego Integrity VS Despair
• The Oral Stage - emphasizes the importance of feeding and nurturing. The way caregivers meet the infant’s needs can impact their future relationships and sense of trust.
• The Anal Stage - This stage is crucial for developing a sense of autonomy and control. How a child is guided through toilet training can affect their attitudes toward authority and self-discipline.
• Phallic Stage - Successful resolution of these complexes leads to identification with the same-sex parent and the development of a mature sexual identity.
• Phallic stage complex is marked by the Oedipus complex in boys (unconscious sexual desire for the mother and rivalry with the father) and the Electra complex in girls (unconscious sexual desire for the father and rivalry with the mother).
• The Latency Stage is important for developing social and communication skills, building friendships, and gaining confidence in academic and extracurricular activities.
• The Genital Stage is marked by a renewed sexual interest, but it is now integrated with social and emotional aspects, leading to mature adulthood and the ability to contribute to society.