1.2

• What is the Basic Input Output System (BIOS)?

  A program that initializes and tests system hardware and loads the operating system into RAM.
• What is the role of device drivers in a computer system?

  They allow the operating system to control and communicate with peripheral devices.
• What are distributed operating systems?

  Operating systems spread over multiple servers on a network that act as a single system.
• What defines embedded operating systems?

  They are specialized operating systems with limited resources built to control a single machine.
• What is the First Come First Served scheduling algorithm?

  A scheduling algorithm where processes are dealt with in the order they arrive.
• What is intermediate code in programming?

  Code that is partly translated between high-level and machine language produced by a compiler.
• What are interrupts in a computer system?

  Signals from hardware, software, or the clock to alert the CPU.
• What happens when an interrupt is received by the CPU?

  If the interrupt is of higher priority, the current routine pauses and resumes after the interrupt is executed.
• What are Interrupt Service Routines (ISR)?

  Procedures that handle interrupts when they occur.
• What is memory management in computing?

  The efficient organization and allocation of main memory to programs in use.
• What are Multi-level Feedback Queues?

  A scheduling algorithm that uses multiple queues with different priorities.
• What is a multi-tasking operating system?

  An operating system capable of running multiple tasks simultaneously.
• What is a multi-user operating system?


  An operating system that allows multiple users to access a mainframe computer's resources.
• What is the function of an operating system?

  It manages the operation of the computer and bridges the user to the hardware.
• What is paging in memory management?

  Partitioning memory into fixed-sized physical divisions called pages.
• What characterizes real-time operating systems?

  They process data as it comes with guaranteed response times.
• What is the Round-Robin scheduling algorithm?

  A scheduling algorithm where each process is given an equal time slice.
• How does scheduling work in operating systems?

  It allocates processor time to each application to ensure efficient multitasking.
• What is segmentation in memory management?

  Partitioning memory into variable-sized logical divisions called segments.
• What is the Shortest Job First scheduling algorithm?

  It picks the process with the shortest estimated running time and runs it until completion.
• What is the Shortest Remaining Time scheduling algorithm?

  It picks the process with the shortest estimated time remaining to finish.
• What are virtual machines?

  Instances where software takes on the function of a machine, including running an OS within another.
• What is virtual memory?

  An allocated area of secondary storage where pages of inactive jobs are swapped to free up RAM.
• What are applications in computing?

  Programs that can be run on a computer to carry out specific tasks.
• What is an assembler?

  A translator that converts assembly language into machine code.
• What is closed source software?

  Proprietary software sold with a license that restricts how it can be used, with source code not available to users.
• What is code generation in the compilation process?

  The final stage of compilation where machine code is produced.
• What is compilation?

  The process of analyzing high-level language source code and converting it into machine code.
• What are compilers?

  Translators that convert high-level language to machine code.
• What are interpreters in programming?

  Translators that check source programs for syntax errors line by line and execute them.
• What is lexical analysis in the compilation process?

  The first stage of compilation where extra spaces and comments are removed and simple errors are searched for.
• What are libraries in programming?

  A collection of pre-compiled programs that can be loaded and run whenever required.
• What are linkers?

  Programs that place the appropriate machine addresses in a compiled program's instructions.
• What is the role of loaders in programming?

  Programs that load the executable object program and its associated libraries into memory before execution.
• What is open source software?

  Software whose source code is freely available to view, redistribute, or modify.
• What is optimization in code generation?

  The process of making object code as efficient as possible by removing redundancies.
• What is syntax analysis in the compilation process?

  The second stage of compilation where statements and tokens are checked for syntax errors.
• What is a translator in programming?

  A program that converts code from one computer language to another.
• What are utilities in system software?

  System software with specific purposes related to maintenance, such as optimizing performance and diagnosing issues.
• What are agile methodologies in software development?

  An iterative process that produces incremental prototypes of software over short sprints.