Kingdoms of life

• How many kingdoms of life are there excluding viruses?

  Five kingdoms
• Why are viruses considered the odd one out among living organisms?

  Because they are not classified as living organisms and do not belong to any kingdom of life
• What is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells?

  Their DNA is in the form of chromosomes and found in a nucleus
• How do prokaryotic organisms differ from eukaryotic organisms?

  Prokaryotic organisms do not have a nucleus and their DNA is loose in the cell
• How much smaller are bacteria compared to eukaryotic cells?

  Bacteria are between 10 and 100 times smaller than eukaryotic cells
• How do viruses compare in size to prokaryotic cells?

  Viruses are another 10 to 100 times smaller than prokaryotic cells
• What are the main characteristics of the animal kingdom?

  • Multicellular organisms
  • Heterotrophs (obtain energy from other organisms)
  • Most reproduce sexually
• How many species of animals are estimated to exist on Earth?

  Between 5 and 10 million species
• What does the term "multicellular" mean in the context of animals?

  It means that each individual organism is made up of many cells
• What is the primary way that animals obtain energy?

  By consuming other organisms
• What are the main characteristics of the plant kingdom?

  • Multicellular organisms
  • Autotrophs (obtain energy through photosynthesis)
  • Approximately 300,000 species
• How do plants obtain their energy?

  Through photosynthesis using sunlight
• What are the main characteristics of fungi?

  • Can be multicellular (e.g., mushrooms) or unicellular (e.g., yeast)
  • Heterotrophs (obtain energy from other organisms)
  • Use saprotrophic nutrition
• What is saprotrophic nutrition in fungi?

  It involves secreting digestive enzymes onto food outside their body and absorbing the nutrients
• What is mycelium in fungi?

  It is the body made up of thread-like structures called hyphae
• What are pathogens in the context of fungi?


  Some fungi can cause diseases in humans, such as athlete's foot
• What are the main characteristics of protists?


  • Mostly unicellular organisms
  • Huge variety among species
  • Some can photosynthesize, while others are heterotrophs
• What is the significance of the term "protists"?


  It refers to a kingdom of organisms that includes various unicellular species
• What is an example of a protist that can cause disease?

  Plasmodium, which causes malaria
• What are the main characteristics of bacteria?

  • Single-celled organisms
  • Live in various environments, including on human skin
  • Some can photosynthesize, but most are heterotrophs
• How do bacteria contribute to human health?

  Many bacteria in our intestines help us digest food
• What is the size comparison of bacteria to other kingdoms?

  There are likely more species of bacteria than all other kingdoms combined
• What are the main characteristics of viruses?

  • Super tiny particles, not cells
  • Can only reproduce inside living cells
  • Always cause harm to other organisms
• Why are viruses classified as parasites?

  Because they depend on other organisms to grow and reproduce
• What is the basic structure of a virus?

  A protein coat surrounding genetic material (DNA or RNA)
• What are some examples of viruses mentioned in the video?


  Influenza virus, tobacco mosaic virus, HIV, and COVID-19
• What is the main takeaway from the video?

  • A general understanding of the differences between animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and viruses
  • Focus on key features rather than memorizing details