management and leadership

• What are management and leadership often grouped together in business?

  Management and leadership are often grouped together due to their overlapping qualities.
• What is the primary distinction between leaders and managers?

  Leaders inspire and motivate the workforce, while managers control and direct them.
• What additional functions do leaders perform compared to managers?

  Leaders consider long-term strategy and challenges facing the business.
• What is one role that some leaders may not perform in the workplace?

  Some leaders may not manage directly and rely on deputies or managers.
• What is essential for a successful business owner in terms of leadership and management?

  A successful business owner should be both a strong leader and manager.
• What does being a good leader involve?

  Being a good leader involves getting people to understand and believe in your vision.
• What are the main functions of management?

  • Plan
  • Control
  • Coordinate
  • Organise
  • Lead
• Who designed the philosophy of Management by Objectives (MBO)?

  Peter Drucker designed the philosophy of Management by Objectives (MBO).
• What is the purpose of Management by Objectives (MBO)?

  MBO aims to define objectives within an organization for management and workers to agree upon.
• How does MBO involve the breakdown of organizational goals?

  MBO involves breaking down aims and goals into targets for divisions, departments, managers, and workers.
• What should the passing down of objectives in MBO produce?

  It should produce an end result where individual targets equal the overall organizational targets.
• What does Drucker suggest about working together to meet objectives?

  Drucker suggests that it provides a clear structure and long-term strategy for all stakeholders.
• What is an important aspect of MBO regarding employee involvement?

  An important aspect is the participative setting of objectives and planning actions to achieve them.
• Why is it essential to monitor work in the MBO process?

  It is essential to measure actual performance against the standards set.
• What are the information roles of managers in MBO?

  • Acting as a channel for information flow between divisions/departments
  • Using formal authority to make decisions based on access to information
  • Hiring, firing, training, motivating, and organizing
• What are the advantages of applying Management by Objectives (MBO)?

  • Improved management control and clarity of goals
  • Improved financial control through monitoring
  • Awareness of responsibilities for managers
  • Coordination of work towards common goals
  • Increased motivation and job satisfaction
  • Improved communication systems
• What are the disadvantages of applying Management by Objectives (MBO)?

  • Time spent on setting objectives rather than managing
  • Changing business environments may render objectives unrealistic
  • Potential demotivation if all levels are not involved
  • Objectives may be seen as management control
  • Loss of focus on long-term goals
• What is the first step in the MBO process?

  Review objectives for the whole business (corporate objectives).
• What is the second step in the MBO process?

  Set objectives for the management of different functions of the business.
• What is the third step in the MBO process?

  Set objectives for individual departments and workers.
• What is the fourth step in the MBO process?

  Monitor progress to check if objectives are being reached.
• What is the fifth step in the MBO process?

  Evaluate performance and give rewards if objectives were reached.
• What are the two types of managers proposed by Douglas McGregor?

  The two types are Theory X managers and Theory Y managers.
• What are the assumptions of Theory X managers about employees?

  • Workers must be supervised to maintain output quality and quantity.
  • Workers respect only authoritative managers.
  • Money is the only motivator.
  • Workers do not want to be involved in decision-making.
  • Workers wish to remain faceless to management.
  • Workers have little ambition.
• What are the assumptions of Theory Y managers about employees?

  • Workers seek more than financial satisfaction.
  • Workers are ambitious and willing to train.
  • Workers are more efficient when trusted.
  • Workers want to contribute and be recognized.
• What are the consequences of Theory X management?

  • Strict control of communication methods.
  • Tasks designed into simple units.
  • Clear and unambiguous responsibilities.
  • Supervisors maintain quality.
  • High dependence on senior management for decision-making.
• What are the consequences of Theory Y management?

  • Open structure with formal and informal communication.
  • Delegated powers and responsibilities.
  • Democratic style encouraging participation.
  • Requirement for training and flexible working practices.
• How can Theory Y managers influence worker behavior over time?

  Theory Y managers can transform uncooperative workers into motivated contributors.
• What are some character traits of effective managers?

  • Empathy
  • Hard-working
  • Enthusiasm
  • Inspirational
  • Self-awareness
• What are some characteristics that help leaders lead their business?

  • Intellectual skills
  • Interpersonal skills
  • Realistic aspirations
  • Vision
  • Communicative skills
  • Creativity
  • Innovation
  • Commitment
  • Ability to identify and respond to changes
• What are the roles of leaders?


  • Create visions and aims
  • Create new roles and jobs
  • Decide on structures
  • Anticipate problems
  • Establish objectives
  • Empower and delegate
• Why is there no single leadership style that suits all organizations?

  • Market circumstances change.
  • Internal circumstances change.
  • External pressures change.
  • Stability periods require different leadership styles.
• What is autocratic leadership?

  • Gives orders to be obeyed without question.
  • No employee involvement in decision-making.
  • Effective during rapid restructuring.
• How does paternalistic leadership differ from autocratic leadership?

  • Paternalistic leaders make decisions but consider employee welfare.
  • Autocratic leaders do not consider employee welfare.
• What are some characteristics of effective leadership?

  Creativity, innovation, commitment, and the ability to identify and respond to changes
• Why is it unlikely for a leader to possess all essential characteristics for success?

  No single characteristic is essential for a leader to be successful
• What is a good leader's approach to employee needs?

  A good leader adapts to the needs of employees by identifying problems and creating solutions
• What factors influence the effectiveness of different leadership styles?

  • Market circumstances
  • Internal circumstances
  • External pressures
  • Periods of stability
• How does the leadership style required change over time?

  The type of leader best suited to a business will alter as the business adapts to different circumstances
• What is the difference between leadership during restructuring and during stability?

  The leadership required for restructuring is very different from that needed during a period of stability