Biology manipulating genomes

• What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?


  A technique used to amplify DNA.
• How does PCR amplify DNA?

  By using repeated cycles of heating and cooling.
• What is gel electrophoresis used for?


  To separate DNA fragments by size.
• Describe the process of gel electrophoresis.


  DNA fragments move through a gel matrix when an electric current is applied.
• What is DNA sequencing?

  The process of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA.
• Explain the Sanger sequencing method.

  A method that uses chain termination to determine DNA sequences.
• What is CRISPR-Cas9?


  A genome editing tool that uses RNA guides.
• How does CRISPR-Cas9 edit genes?

  By cutting and modifying specific DNA sequences.
• What is gene cloning?


  The process of creating identical copies of genes.
• Describe the process of gene cloning using plasmids.


  Inserting a gene into a plasmid and introducing it into a bacterial cell.
• What is DNA profiling?


  A technique for identifying individuals using their DNA.
• Describe the process of DNA fingerprinting.

  Analyzing DNA patterns to identify individuals.
• What are microsatellites?


  Short repeated DNA sequences.
• How are microsatellites used in DNA profiling?

  As unique genetic markers for identification.
• What is the significance of STRs in DNA profiling?


  Short tandem repeats are used to differentiate individuals.
• Explain how gel electrophoresis is used in DNA profiling.

  It separates DNA fragments by size for analysis.
• What is PCR amplification used for in DNA profiling?

  To amplify DNA samples for analysis.
• How do forensic scientists use DNA profiling?

  By matching DNA from crime scenes to suspects.
• What is the CODIS database?

  A Combined DNA Index System database used for forensic purposes.
• Describe an application of DNA profiling outside of forensics.


  Paternity testing and ancestry identification.
• What is genetic engineering?


  The manipulation of DNA for specific purposes.
• Describe the process of recombinant DNA technology.


  Combining DNA from different sources to create new genetic combinations.
• What is a vector in genetic engineering?


  A carrier of foreign DNA.
• Explain the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering.


  They cut DNA at specific sequences.
• What is a plasmid and how is it used in genetic engineering?


  A small, circular DNA molecule used as a vector.
• How do scientists insert foreign DNA into a host organism?

  By using vectors like plasmids.
• What is a transgenic organism?


  An organism that contains foreign DNA.
• Give an example of a genetically modified organism (GMO).

  Bt corn or Roundup Ready soybeans.
• How are genetically modified crops produced?

  By inserting desired traits into plants through genetic engineering.
• What are some ethical considerations surrounding genetic engineering?

  Safety, consent, and potential long-term effects.
• What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

  Organisms altered using genetic engineering techniques.
• Describe the process of creating GMOs.

  Inserting foreign DNA into an organism.
• What are some examples of GMOs?

  Herbicide-resistant, pest-resistant, and nutrient-enriched crops.
• How are GMOs used in agriculture?

  To increase yield and reduce pesticide use.
• What are potential benefits of GMOs?

  Enhanced traits and increased agricultural efficiency.
• Explain some concerns surrounding GMOs.

  Potential environmental risks and health concerns.
• How are GMOs regulated?

  Through safety evaluations and environmental impact assessments.
• Describe the controversy surrounding GMOs.

  Debate over safety, necessity, and ethical implications.
• What are some ethical considerations regarding GMOs?

  Safety, environmental impact, and ethicality of modifications.
• How do GMOs impact the environment?

  They can influence biodiversity and pose potential risks.