Psychology attachment

• What is attachment in the context of caregiver-child relationships?

  It is an emotional bond between caregiver and child.
• What are the three behaviors associated with attachment?

  Seeking proximity, distress on separation, joy on reunion.
• What is reciprocity in attachment?

  It is the mutual exchange of responses between caregiver and infant.
• Who investigated reciprocity and when?

  Brazelton in 1975.
• What were the findings of Brazelton's research on reciprocity?

  Infants engage in reciprocal interactions with caregivers.
• What is interactional synchrony?

  It is the coordinated timing of caregiver-infant behaviors.
• Who investigated interactional synchrony and when?

  Meltzoff and Moore in 1977.
• What evidence supports interactional synchrony?

  Adult imitation elicits infant imitation.
• What is a limitation of the research on interactional synchrony?

  There may be cultural differences in synchrony.
• What is another limitation of the research on interactional synchrony?

  Observer bias and subjective interpretation may affect results.
• What is a third limitation of the research on interactional synchrony?

  Not all behaviors are synchronized between caregiver and infant.
• Who suggested and conducted research into the stages of attachment?

  John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth.
• What is the third stage of attachment?

  Formation of specific attachments.
• What is the first stage of attachment?

  Stranger anxiety and seeking caregiver.
• What is the fourth stage of attachment?

  Attachment to primary caregiver.
• What is the second stage of attachment?

  Attachment to human figures.
• How many babies were used in the study of attachment stages, and how many were males and females?

  100 infants, 50 males and 50 females.
• What are the phases of the Strange Situation test?

  Strange situation test phases include secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments.
• What is a limitation of the findings from the stages of attachment research?

  There is cultural bias in the assessment of attachment.
• What is another limitation of the findings from the stages of attachment research?

  There are ethical concerns regarding distress to infants during the study.
• What is a third limitation of the findings from the stages of attachment research?

  There is limited generalizability due to cultural variations.
• Who conducted research into imprinting and when?

  Lorenz in 1935.
• What was the procedure of Lorenz's research on imprinting?

  Presented goslings with moving objects.
• What were the findings of Lorenz's research on imprinting?

  Goslings imprinted on moving objects.
• What are the conclusions of Lorenz's research on imprinting?

  Imprinting occurs in a critical period.
• Who conducted research into the importance of contact comfort and when?

  Harlow in 1958.
• What was the procedure of Harlow's research into contact comfort?

  Infant monkeys were given a choice between a cloth mother and a wire mother.
• What were the findings of Harlow's research on contact comfort?

  Infant monkeys chose the cloth mother over the wire mother.
• What are the conclusions of Harlow's research on contact comfort?

  Contact comfort is crucial for attachment.
• What is a limitation of the imprinting theory?

  It has limited generalizability to humans.
• What is another limitation of the imprinting theory?

  There are ethical concerns over animal research.
• What is a third limitation of the imprinting theory?

  Human relationships are more complex than those observed in animals.
• Who conducted research into primary attachments and when?

  Grossmann and Grossmann in 1991.
• In what percentage of cases was the father the sole attachment figure?

  3%.
• In what percentage of cases was the father a joint first attachment object with the mother?

  27%.
• When was attachment between fathers and babies eventually formed by?

  By 18 months.
• What percentage of cases supports the formation of attachment between fathers and babies by 18 months?

  75%.
• Who carried out a study of the father’s distinctive role and when?

  Lamb in 1981.
• What type of study was Lamb's research?

  Meta-analysis.
• What were the findings of Lamb's research on the father's distinctive role?

  Fathers' unique contribution to attachment was recognized.