Methods of philosophizing

• clear awareness or understanding of something.

  KNOWLEDGE
• propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful

  FACTS
• statements that are not immediately evident and further examination is required to establish whether it is true or false.

  CLAIM
• How do we know if something is true?

  The use of one's sense
• How do we know if something is true?

  Based on facts
• provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations.

  Opinion
• bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact.

  Opinion
• advance a belief about a certain thing or person.

  Opinion
• judgment based on certain facts.

  Conclusion
• statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts.

  Belief
• statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why it is true.

  Explanation
• series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.

  Arguments
• Arguments based on faulty reasoning.

  Fallacies
• Types of fallacies that attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself.

  Ad hominem
• Types of fallacies that use the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument

  Appeal to force
• Types of fallacies that uses emotions such as pity or sympathy

  Appeal to emotions
• Types of fallacies that the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it

  Appeal to be popular
• Types of fallacies that the idea is acceptable it has been true for a long time.

  Appeal to tradition
• Types of fallacies that can also be known as a "Circular Argument" -

  Begging the questions
• Types of fallacies that the conclusion essentially appears both at the beginning and the end of the argument, it creates an endless circle, never accomplishing anything of substance.

  Begging the question
• Assuming a “______” relationship between unrelated events.

  Cause and effect
• Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole.

  Fallacy of composition
• Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.

  Fallacy of division
• Tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.

  Biases
• Tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions without regard for external factors or influences.

  CORRESPONDENCE BIAS OR ATTRIBUTION EFFECT
• Tendency to look for and really accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it.

  Confirmation bias
• Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects

  Framing
• The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events

  Hindsight
• A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed

  Conflict of interest
• Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards

  Cultural bias
• Types of fallacies

  Ad Hominem Appeal to Force

  Appeal to Emotion

  Appeal to be Popular

  Appeal to Tradition

  Begging the Question

  Cause and Effect

  Fallacy of Composition

  Fallacy of Division
• Types of biases

  Correspondence Bias or Attribution Effect Confirmation Bias Framing Hindsight Conflict of Interest Cultural Bias