C6.2 Organic chemistry

• What are alkanes?

  Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds.
• How can you model alkane molecules?

  You can model alkane molecules using diagrams that show the arrangement of atoms and bonds.
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  The general formula for alkanes is $C_nH_{2n+2}$.
• What is the complete combustion equation for ethane?

  The complete combustion of ethane is $C_2H_6 +$$7.5 O_2 \rightarrow 2 CO_2 +$$3 H_2O$.
• What are alkenes?

  Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond.
• How can you model alkenes?

  You can model alkenes by showing the double bonds and the arrangement of hydrogen atoms.
• What are addition reactions in alkenes?

  Addition reactions in alkenes involve the addition of atoms across the double bond.
• What are alcohols?

  Alcohols are organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
• How do alcohols react?

  Alcohols can undergo oxidation to form aldehydes or carboxylic acids.
• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  The general formula for alcohols is $C_nH_{2n+1}OH$.
• What are carboxylic acids?

  Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group.
• How do carboxylic acids react?

  Carboxylic acids can react with alcohols to form esters.
• How do you model carboxylic acids?

  You can model carboxylic acids by showing the carboxyl group and the carbon chain.
• What is crude oil?

  Crude oil is a natural fossil fuel made from the remains of ancient marine organisms.
• Why is crude oil considered a finite resource?

  Crude oil is considered a finite resource because it takes millions of years to form and is being consumed faster than it can be replenished.
• Name five fractions obtained from crude oil.

  Five fractions obtained from crude oil include gasoline, kerosene, diesel, lubricating oil, and bitumen.
• How is crude oil separated into fractions?

  Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation based on different boiling points.
• Why does fractional distillation work for separating crude oil?

  Fractional distillation works because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points, which depend on their molecular size.
• What is cracking in the context of hydrocarbons?

  Cracking is a chemical process that breaks down larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful ones.
• Why is cracking done?

  Cracking is done to meet the high demand for smaller hydrocarbons like gasoline.
• What are addition polymers?

  Addition polymers are large molecules formed by the repeated addition of monomers with double bonds.
• How do you model addition polymers?

  You can model addition polymers by showing the repeating units derived from the monomers.
• What are condensation polymers?

  Condensation polymers are formed by the reaction of monomers with the elimination of a small molecule, such as water.
• What is the significance of hydrogen chloride in condensation reactions?

  Hydrogen chloride is produced as a byproduct in condensation reactions involving amines and carboxylic acids.
• How does a chemical cell work?

  A chemical cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions.
• What is a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?

  A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is a device that generates electricity through the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen.
• What are the products of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell reaction?

  The products of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell reaction are water and electricity.
• How do the reactions at each side of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell differ?

  One side undergoes oxidation (hydrogen) while the other side undergoes reduction (oxygen).