Genetics

• What is the definition of genetics?

  Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in living organisms.
• What is a chromosome?

  A chromosome is a structure in the cell nucleus that contains genetic information.
• What is a gene?


  A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic.
• What is a genome?


  A genome is the complete set of genetic information in an organism.
• What is an allele?

  An allele is a different version of the same gene.
• What are the different versions of a gene for eye color called?

  They are called alleles.
• What is the structure of DNA?

  DNA has a double helix shape, like a twisted ladder.
• What are the components of a nucleotide in DNA?

  A nucleotide is made of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), or Cytosine (C).
• What is the base pairing rule in DNA?

  A always pairs with T, and G always pairs with C.
• What is the function of DNA?

  DNA stores and transmits genetic information.
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

  Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
• If one strand of DNA has the sequence ATGCTA, what would be the complementary sequence on the other strand?

  The complementary sequence would be TACGAT.
• What are genes?


  Genes are specific sequences of DNA that code for particular traits or functions.
• Where are genes located?

  Genes are located on chromosomes.
• What does it mean to be homozygous for a gene?

  It means having two identical alleles for that gene.
• What does it mean to be heterozygous for a gene?

  It means having two different alleles for that gene.
• What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?

  A dominant allele's trait will be expressed even if only one copy is present, while a recessive allele's trait will only be expressed if two copies are present.
• What is codominance?


  Codominance is when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype.
• What is incomplete dominance?


  Incomplete dominance is when neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a blended phenotype.
• What are Punnett squares used for?

  Punnett squares are used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring based on the genotypes of their parents.
• What is polygenic inheritance?

  Polygenic inheritance is when traits are influenced by multiple genes.
• Who developed Punnett squares?


  Punnett squares were developed by Reginald Punnett.
• What is the first step in creating a Punnett square?

  The first step is to determine the genotypes of both parents.
• In a Punnett square, what do the squares represent?

  The squares represent the possible genetic combinations in the offspring.
• What is the expected phenotype ratio from a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (Bb x Bb)?

  The expected phenotype ratio is 3:1 for dominant to recessive traits.
• If a child inherits one dominant allele and one recessive allele for a trait, what will be their genotype?

  Their genotype will be heterozygous.
• If a person has one allele for brown eyes (B) and one for blue eyes (b), and brown is dominant, what will their eye color be?

  Their eye color will be brown.
• How does codominance differ from incomplete dominance?

  In codominance, both alleles are fully expressed, while in incomplete dominance, the traits blend together.
• What is the significance of Punnett squares in genetics?

  Punnett squares help in predicting the likelihood of genetic traits and disorders in offspring.
• In a cross between two heterozygous pea plants (Pp x Pp), what percentage of the offspring would be expected to have white flowers if white is recessive?

  25% of the offspring would be expected to have white flowers.
• What is the significance of understanding inheritance patterns in genetics?

  Understanding inheritance patterns is crucial for predicting how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
• What is the role of the Human Genome Project in genetics?

  The Human Genome Project estimated that humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.
• How do dominant and recessive alleles affect phenotype expression?

  Dominant alleles express their traits even if only one copy is present, while recessive alleles require two copies to express their traits.
• What is the formula to calculate the number of moles from mass?

  $\text{Moles} =$$\frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Molar Mass}}$