Lesson 1

• What was the early belief about the cause of disease?

  Disease was believed to be caused by the negative interaction between the environment and the body.
• Who is known as the Father of Medicine?

  Hippocrates
• What significant document did Hippocrates author?

  The Hippocratic Oath
• What did Galen instigate in medical practice?

  A rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids.
• What are the four humors according to Galen?

  Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
• What methods did Galen advocate for diagnosing disease?

  Tasting urine, listening to the lungs, and observing outward appearances.
• What did Galen conclude about the appearances of blood, pus, and bubbles in urine?

  They indicate kidney disease and chronic illnesses.
• What is the significance of urinalysis in Galen's time?

  It was advocated as a method to diagnose disease.
• How did Galen describe diabetes?

  As "diarrhea of urine."
• What was the first book detailing the characteristics of urine published?

  In 900 AD.
• What was the limitation of medical practitioners in the 11th century?

  They were not allowed to conduct physical examinations on patients.
• How did medical practitioners diagnose patients in the 11th century?

  They solely relied on the patient’s description of symptoms and their observations.
• What advancements were made in the 18th century regarding diagnosis?

  Mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection were used for more objective and accurate diagnosis.
• What significant tools did physicians begin using in the 19th century?

  Machines for diagnosis or therapeutics.
• Who invented the spirometer and what is its use?

  John Hutchinson invented the spirometer, used for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs.
• What is the purpose of the sphygmomanometer and who invented it

  It is used for measuring blood pressure and was made by Jules Herisson.
• How was chemistry pivotal in the 19th century?

  It was crucial in the diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, and syphilis.
• What percentage of medical professionals were non-physicians in 1969?

  80%
• What did the growth of the medical profession in 1969 imply?

  It impelled the need for technicians to be proficient in the use of technology.
• What was the first diagnostic medical breakthrough and who invented it?

  The stethoscope, invented by Rene Laennec.
• What was the purpose of the stethoscope?

  To acquire information about the lungs.
• Who devised the microscope and for what purpose?

  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek devised the microscope for medical purposes.
• What was the first visual technology developed in 1850?

  The ophthalmoscope, developed by Hermann von Helmholtz.
• What was the purpose of the laryngoscope and who devised it?

  It was devised by Manuel Garcia to observe the throat and larynx.
• Who accidentally invented the X-ray and what is its significance?

  Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally invented the X-ray, allowing physicians to view the inside of the body without surgery.
• What diseases were diagnosed using X-rays since World War 2?

  Pneumonia, pleurisy, and tuberculosis.
• Who developed the electrocardiograph and what does it measure?

  William Einthoven developed the electrocardiograph to measure electrical changes during the beating of the heart.
• What was the Kenny Method and who devised it and what year was it made?

  It was devised by Elizabeth Kenny for the treatment of Polio using hot packs and muscle manipulation. 1910
• What was the significance of the Kenny Method?

  It served as the pioneering work for modern physical therapy.
• What was the purpose of the drink respirator invented by Philip Drinker?

  It was used to help patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitis recover normal respiration.
• What was the first visual technology made in 1939?

  The heart-lung machine, made by Hermann von Helmholtz.
• What was cardiac catheterization and angiography developed for?

  To visualize the heart, lung vessels, and valves through inserting a cannula in an arm vein.
• Who first operated cardiac catheterization and angiography?

  Forsmann in 1929.
• What was the significance of the electron microscope?

  It allowed visualization of small cells including tumor cells.
• How did the adaptation of computers impact medical research?

  It led to the development of tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
• What was opened in 1895 to highlight the service role of clinical laboratories?

  The University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine.
• Who called for the development of a method to certify medical technologists on a national scale?

  John Kolmer.
• What did John Kolmer publish regarding laboratory technicians?

  He published the Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians, which included a description of the first formal training course in Medical Technology.
• What law did the Legislature of Pennsylvania enact regarding hospitals and laboratories?

  It required all hospitals and institutions to have fully-equipped laboratories fit for routine testing.
• Who directed the administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals in 1920?

  A chief physician.