topic 1, lesson 3 and 4

• Evolution, the process by which organisms adapt to their environment over time, is the genetic change in a population of organisms from generation to generation. 
• Molecules

  Atoms

  Organelles

  Cells

  Tissues

  Organs

  Organ system

  Organism

  Population

  Community

  Ecosystem

  Biosphere
• • a waxy, waterproof cover called cuticle protects the leaves and stems from desiccation. 
• • stomata, or pores, that open and close to regulate traffic of gases and water vapor, appeared in plants as they moved away from moist environments into drier habitats 
• • Every organism contains many interdependent adaptations that help it survive in the particular environment to which it is adapted. 
• the evolution of plants

  A) Angal ancestors

  B) non-vascular

  C) seedless vascular

  D) angiosperms

  E) gymnospheres

  
• ANGIOSPERM in two

  A) one cotyledon

  B) two cotyledons

  C) threes

  D) fours or fives

  E) one pore

  F) three pores

  G) throughout

  H) ring

  
• • Regulation - to regulate internal body system
• • Plant converts CO2 and water with the aid of light energy into O2 and food. This food will be catabolized into ATP, CO2 and water.
• Dump heap or Trash heap hypothesis (Edgar Anderson, 1952). early people may have discovered that the plants collected in the wild grew in refuse piles.
• Two hypotheses about origin of agriculture:

  • Independent discovery in different parts of world.
  • Diffusionist hypothesis - discovery originated in one part of the world and spread from one civilization to another.
• Ethnobotany, • the scientific study of the traditional knowledge and customs of a people concerning plants and their medical, religious, and other uses.
• An ethnobotanist thus strives to document the local customs involving the practical uses of local flora for many aspects of life, such as plants as medicines, foods, and clothing.
• Economic botany is the study of the relationship between people (individuals and cultures) and plants.
• • Cotton is a natural fiber that absorbs moisture and then allows it to evaporate easily, making it the world's most important nonedible plant.
• • early makers of jeans used hemp, which is the oldest cultivated fiber plant in the world.
• Flax is a food and fiber crop. It is used for making cereals, linen paper, linseed oil - which is used as a drying oil in paints and varnish - and in products such as linoleum and printing inks.
• • opium from the poppy seed pod - thick milky fluid provides a powerful pain medication – morphine, codeine is also found in the poppy - it is used in cough medicines 
• • quinine - which comes from the cinchona tree - is used to prevent malaria