Exogenic and endogenic

• What does the Greek word "meta" mean in the context of metamorphism?

  Change
• What does the Greek word "morphe" mean in the context of metamorphism?

  Form
• What is metamorphism?


  It is the change that takes place within a body of rock due to different conditions than those in which it was formed.
• What are the main conditions that lead to metamorphism?

  Heat and pressure
• What is the new rock formed from metamorphism called?

  Metamorphic rock
• What are the three main factors or agents of metamorphism?

  Heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids
• Why is heat considered the most important factor in metamorphism?

  It provides the energy to drive chemical changes and results in the recrystallization of minerals.
• How does pressure affect metamorphic rocks?

  Pressure increases with depth and subjects buried rocks to force or stress, causing physical changes.
• What role do chemically active fluids play in metamorphism?


  They enhance the metamorphic process by aiding in chemical reactions.
• What is the common fluid that aids in chemical activity during metamorphism?

  Water containing ions in solution
• What is contact metamorphism?

  It occurs when existing rocks are buried deeper and come into contact with heat from lava or magma.
• Give an example of a rock that undergoes contact metamorphism.

  Limestone turning into marble
• What is regional metamorphism?

  It is metamorphism that occurs over a large area, primarily due to pressure.
• Where is regional metamorphism commonly associated?

  With convergent plate boundaries and the formation of mountain ranges.
• What are the two types of rock metamorphism?

  • Contact metamorphism
  • Regional metamorphism
• What are the three main categories of rocks?

  Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks
• What are the key points for classifying metamorphic rocks?

  • Type of metamorphism
  • Texture
  • Grain size
  • Specific rock samples and their map symbols
  • Compositions of metamorphic rock
• What are the two types of igneous rocks?

  Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks
• What is an exogenic process?

  Processes at work at Earth’s surface, such as weathering by wind and water
• What is weathering?


  All physical and chemical processes that disintegrate and decompose rocks near Earth’s surface
• What is physical weathering?

  Breaking up rocks without any change in their chemical composition
• What causes block disintegration?


  Exfoliation due to the expansion and contraction of rocks from heating and cooling
• What is frost weathering?

  The alternate freezing and thawing of water inside the joints of rocks
• What is chemical weathering?


  The weakening or disintegration of rocks and formation of new compounds due to chemical reactions
• What is oxidation in the context of weathering?

  The process where oxygen reacts with rock minerals, changing their composition
• What is carbonation?


  The process involving carbon dioxide reacting with minerals in rocks
• What is hydration in weathering?

  The absorption or combination of water with minerals in rocks, leading to a change in shape
• What is biological weathering?


  Weathering or disintegration of rocks caused by living organisms
• What is mass wasting?

  The downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil due to gravity
• What is soil erosion?

  The removal of soil at a greater rate than its replacement by natural agencies
• What is wind erosion?


  The removal of fine soil particles and sand by wind
• What is sheet erosion?

  The removal of thin layers of soil due to surface runoff
• What is rill erosion?

  The removal of soil by concentrated running water and rain
• What is gully erosion?

  The removal of soil in water channels or drainage lines
• What are ten everyday examples of weathering, and how can they be classified?

  1. Cracking of sidewalks - Physical weathering

  2. Rusting of cars - Chemical weathering

  3. Erosion of cliffs - Physical weathering

  4. Dissolving of limestone - Chemical weathering

  5. Tree roots breaking rocks - Biological weathering

  6. Peeling paint - Physical weathering

  7. Acid rain affecting buildings - Chemical weathering

  8. Sandblasting of rocks - Physical weathering

  9. Oxidation of iron - Chemical weathering

  10. Soil erosion by wind - Physical weathering
• How do physical and chemical weathering differ in their processes?

  Physical weathering breaks rocks without changing their composition, while chemical weathering alters the chemical structure of rocks.
• What are the two categories of internal heat sources of the Earth?

  Primordial heat and radioactive heat
• What is primordial heat?

  Heat from accretion and bombardment of the Earth during its early formation stages
• What is radioactive heat and its main sources?

  Heat generated by long-term radioactive decay from isotopes K40, Th232, U235, and U238
• What is the estimated internal temperature of the Earth at the core-mantle boundary?

  3,700 °C