PR

• RESEARCH

  • Process of inquiring about the solution to the problem, collecting data, and logically evaluating information.
  • Good research → one must investigate reliable information
• CORYN (2007) defined research in 3 ways:

  1. research is truth seeking
  2. research describes
  3. research is conducted and governed by those who have the requisite proficiency and expertise
• RESEARCH IS TRUTH SEEKING

  • refers to research or investigation, of or for a body of real things, events, or facts, or the explanation of them.
• RESEARCH DESCRIBES

  • involves representing or giving an account of and explains which is about giving reason for or cause of; both of which contribute to knowledge.
• RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED AND GOVERNED BY THOSE WHO HAVE THE REQUISITE PROFICIENCY OR EXPERTISE

  • conducted by one who is an expert in a branch of knowledge derived from training or experience.
• BASIC RESEARCH

  • PURPOSE: to understand and explain
  • interested in formulating and testing theoretical construct and propositions that ideally generalize across time and space
  • takes the form of the theory to explain the phenomenon under investigation to give its contribution to knowledge.
  • more descriptive in nature, 
  • what, why, and how questions.
• APPLIED RESEARCH

  • PURPOSE: help people understand the nature problems so that human beings can more effectively control their environment.
  • pursues potential solutions to human and societal problems
  • more prescriptive in nature
  • how questions.
  • used in business, medicine, and education.
  • intervention and giving solutions to a problem.
• EVALUATION RESEARCH

  studies the processes and outcomes aimed at attempted solution.
• 2 TYPES OF EVALUATION RESEARCH

  1. formative research
  2. summative research
• FORMATIVE RESEARCH

  • improve human intervention within specific conditions, such as activities, time, and groups of people

  SUMMATIVE RESEARCH

  • judge the effectiveness of a program, policy, or product.
• ACTION RESEARCH

  • aims at solving specific problems within a program, organization, or community.
  • design and data tend to be more informal, and the people in the situation are directly involved in gathering information and studying themselves.
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

  • describes what is happening.  
  • explains why things happen in certain ways  
  • predicts what will happen 
  • evaluates what happens in our lives  
  • helps us solve our problems  
  • influences you in your decisions in life
• CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

  1. empirical
  2. systematic
  3. controlled
  4. analytical
  5. objective
  6. original work
  7. replicability
  8. logical
  9. cyclical
  10. methodical
• EMPIRICAL

  • based on observations and experimentations of theories.
  • direct experiences in conducting research.
• SYSTEMATIC

  • follows orderly and sequential procedures
  • must be based on valid procedures and principle.
• CONTROLLED

  • all variables, except those that are tested/experimented on, are kept constant. 
• ANALYTICAL

  • Data gathered must be analyzed critically so that there is no error in coming up with interpretations.
• OBJECTIVE

  • must be unbiased and logical.
  • logically based on empirical data which are based on real life situations.
• ORIGINAL WORK

  • requires effort to get at the researcher’s own investigation and produce the data needed to complete the study.
• REPLICABILITY

  • research findings, research design and procedures can be repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results
• LOGICAL

  • systematic and reasoned approach used to analyze data, draw conclusions, and solve problems. 
  • helps you evaluate evidence, avoid fallacies, and construct sound arguments.
• METHODICAL

  • refers to a systematic and structured way of conducting research or solving a problem. 
  • involves the use of specific methods, techniques, and procedures to gather and analyze data, as well as to draw conclusions and make recommendations.
• CYCLICAL

  • connotes a succession of events, flow, rotation; instruments that continue to move until. the answer to the question completes the cycle
  • involves several stages
• SMART

  S - SPECIFIC

  M - MEASURABLE

  A - ATTAINABLE

  R - RELEVANT

  T - TIME BOUND
• ETHICS IN RESEARCH

  1. honesty
  2. objectivity
  3. integrity
  4. carefulness
  5. openness
  6. intellectual property
  7. confidentiality
  8. responsible publication
  9. responsible mentoring
  10. social responsibility
  11. legality
  12. competence
  13. non-discrimination
  14. human subjects protection
  15. animal care
• QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

  • relies on the views of participants;
  • asks broad, general questions;
  • collects data consisting largely words (text) from participants;
  • describes and analyzes these words for themes; and
  • conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner
• QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

  • decides what to study;
  • asks specific, narrow questions;
  • collects quantifiable data from participants;
  • analyzes data using statistics; and
  • conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner
• QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

  • obtaining world knowledge that puts premium or high value on people's thinking or point of view conditioned by their personal traits.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

  1. human understanding and interpretation
  2. active, powerful, and forceful
  3. multiple research approaches and methods
  4. specificity to generalization
  5. contextualization
  6. diversified data in real-life situations
  7. abounds with words and visuals
  8. internal analysis
• STRENGTHS OF QL R

  • issues can be examined in detail and in depth
  • interviews are not restricted to specific questions and can be guided/redirected by the researcher in real time
  • the research framework and direction can be quickly revised as new information emerges.
  • the obtained data based on human experience is powerful and sometimes more convincing than qualitative data
  • subtleties and complexities about the research subjects and/or topic are discovered that are often missed by more positivistic inquiries
  • findings can be transferable to another setting
• CASE STUDY

  • involves long-time study of a person, group, organization, or situation
  • seeks to find answers to WHY such thing occurs to the subject
• ETHNOGRAPHY

  • study of particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operation and lifestyle
• PHENOMENOLOGY

  • study of how people find their experiences meaningful
  • PRIMARY GOAL: make people understand their experiences
• GROUNDED THEORY

  • development of theory directly based and grounded in the data collected by the researchers
• DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

  • study of the language structures used in the medium of communication to discover the effects of sociological, cultural, institutional, and ideological factors on the content
• HISTORICAL STUDY

  • examination of primary documents to make you understand the connection of past events to the present time
• STEPS IN DOING RESEARCH

  1. define research problem
  2. review of related literature
  3. formulate hypothesis
  4. design research
  5. data collection
  6. analyzing data
  7. interpret and report
• TYPES OF RESEARCH

  • basic research
  • applied research
  • evaluation research
  • action research
• DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM

  • What is the problem?
  • guides you in formulating the hypothesis and interpretation of your findings so that you can formulate the right conclusion.
  • basis of all subsequent research activities you are going to undertake.
• REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

  • What evidence is already presented?