Cognitive

• Who proposed the Multi-Store Model of Memory?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin
• What are the main components of the Multi-Store Model of Memory?

  • Sensory Memory/Register
  • Short Term Memory (STM)
  • Long Term Memory (LTM)
• What is the duration of Sensory Memory?

  Few hundred milliseconds
• What happens to unrehearsed information in Short Term Memory?

  It is lost
• What senses does Sensory Memory use?

  All 5 senses
• What was the method used by Sperling to test visual memory?

  He used a visual array of letters through a tachistoscope
• What is the capacity of Sensory Memory?

  Limited
• What is the duration of information in Short Term Memory if not rehearsed?

  15-30 seconds
• What did Peterson and Peterson's experiment demonstrate about Short Term Memory?

  Performance dropped after 15-18 seconds due to interference
• What is Miller's proposed capacity for Short Term Memory?

  7±2 items
• What is the phonological similarity effect in memory?

  It refers to the difficulty in recalling letters/words that sound similar
• How does rehearsal affect memory?

  Rehearsal strengthens memory
• What is the potential duration of Long Term Memory?


  Potentially a lifetime
• What did Bahrick et al's experiment reveal about Long Term Memory?

  Recall of names and faces was 90% after 15 years and 70-80% after 48 years
• What is the capacity of Long Term Memory?

  Potentially infinite
• What did Brady et al's experiment demonstrate about Long Term Memory?

  Thousands of images can be maintained well in LTM
• How does encoding in Long Term Memory depend on rehearsal?

  If information is linked to prior knowledge, it is easier to retrieve
• What does the term "tip of the tongue" refer to in memory retrieval?

  It refers to the inability to recall a correct answer despite recognizing it
• What are the key differences between episodic and semantic memory?

  • Episodic Memory:
  • Mental diary of experiences/events
  • Linked to time and context
  • Semantic Memory:
  • Mental encyclopedia of facts
  • Not linked to specific time
• What is the role of the central executive in the Working Memory Model?

  It allocates cognitive tasks to other slave systems
• What is the function of the phonological loop in the Working Memory Model?

  It deals with the temporary storage of verbal information
• What is the word length effect in memory recall?

  Monosyllabic words are recalled better than polysyllabic words
• What does the visuospatial sketchpad do in the Working Memory Model?

  It temporarily holds and manipulates visual and spatial information
• What is the role of the episodic buffer in the Working Memory Model?

  It integrates information from other subcomponents and interfaces with LTM
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Working Memory Model?

  Strengths:

  • More plausible than MSM
  • Rehearsal is optional

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Role of central executive is unclear
  • Doesn't account for musical memory
  • Doesn't offer a complete understanding
• What is the nature of episodic memory in terms of time referencing?

  Episodic memory is dependent on time referencing
• How does semantic memory differ from episodic memory in terms of spatial referencing?


  Semantic memory does not require spatial referencing
• What evidence supports the distinction between episodic and semantic memory?


  Each store is different in the nature of stored memories, time referencing, and more
• What is the significance of the term "dissociation" in memory studies?

  Dissociation refers to the separation of different types of memory stores
• Who proposed the division of Long Term Memory into episodic and semantic memory?

  Tulving
• What is the role of rehearsal in Long Term Memory encoding?

  Rehearsal helps in linking information to prior knowledge for easier retrieval
• How does the Working Memory Model address the limitations of the Multi-Store Model?

  It views STM as a complex and active working memory system
• What is the significance of neuroimaging in memory research?

  It helps identify different subcomponents of memory systems
• What is the effect of dual-task experiments on memory performance?

  Performance is affected when tasks use the same component
• How does Alzheimer's disease affect the central executive function in memory?


  It leads to decreased central executive functioning as the disease progresses
• What does the term "articulatory suppression" refer to in memory studies?

  It refers to the deterioration in recall when rehearsal is prevented
• What is the role of the phonological store in the Working Memory Model?

  It temporarily holds verbal information
• What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad in the Working Memory Model?

  It holds and manipulates visual and spatial information
• How does the episodic buffer enhance memory processing?

  It integrates verbal and visual encoding for better recall
• What evidence supports the existence of separate visual and verbal slave systems in memory?

  Visual tasks are more interrupted by visual interference, while spatial tasks are interrupted by spatial interference