Psychological Perspective of the Self

• Psychology - the study of either the cognitive or affective representation of one's identity
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

  - Austrian neurologist and psychotherapist

  - believed that human nature is deterministic
• Deterministic - the belief that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control
• ID - an unorganized, raw, inborn part of personality and operates according to pleasure principle
• Ego - strives to balance the desires of the ID and the realities of the objective
• Super Ego - it represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled by significant individuals
• Freud's Conception of the Human Psyche

  - Conscious

  - Preconscious

  - Unconscious

  - Nonconscious
• Erik Erikson (1902-1994) - German-American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst/ theory of psychosocial development
• Self-awareness and Identity - social environment was crucial in providing growth and adjustment
• Ego Identity - enables each person to have a sense of

  individuality
• Stages of Psychosocial Development

  A) Trust vs Mistrust

  B) 1 year and 6 months

  C) Trust

  D) Mistrust

  E) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

  F) 1 year to 3 years old

  G) Autonomy

  H) Shame and self doubt

  I) Initiative vs Guilt

  J) 3 to 6 years old

  K) Initiative

  L) Guilt

  M) Industry vs Inferiority

  N) 6 to 12 years old

  
• Stages of Psychosocial Development pt.2

  A) Identity vs Role Confusion

  B) Adolescence

  C) Intimacy vs Isolation

  D) Early Adulthood

  E) Generativity vs Stagnation

  F) Middle Adulthood

  G) stagnation

  H) Ego Integrity vs Despair

  I) Late Adulthood

  
• Albert Bandura (December 4, 1925-July 26, 2021) - Social Learning

  Theory of Development/Self-efficacy
• 1949 – Bandura graduated from the University of British Columbia with

  a degree in Psychology.
• 1952 – Bandura received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the

  University of Iowa.
• 1953 – Badura began teaching at Stanford University.
• 1974 – Bandura served as President of the APA.
• Observational Learning - the individual learns through observation; self is learned through/by observing the behavior of others
• Modeling - imitation of others; self is learned by imitating the behavior of others
• The Modeling Process

  - Attention

  - Retention

  - Reproduction

  - Motivation
• Self-Efficacy Belief - Individual’s belief in his or her own ability to organize and implement action to produce the desired achievements and results
• William James (1842-1910) - American psychologist and philosopher, the leading exponent of pragmatism, introduced the concept of stream consciousness
• Pragmatism - an approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or belief in terms of the success of the practical application
• Empirical Self - refers to all the various ways people answer the question, Who am I?”
• Me - In the Theory of the Self, it is the ideas about physical qualities and abilities; social roles; opinions; talents; personality traits, and others
• I - refers to the soul of the person in the theory of the self
• Components of the Self

  • Material Self - consists of tangible, objects, people, or places that belong to a person
  • Social Self - how we are regarded or recognized by others
  • Spiritual Self - the inner self or psychological self; subjective or most intimate self
• Bodily Self - our physical entities
• Extracorporeal or Extended Self - our psychological ownership of the entities
• Relational Self - self defined in terms of specific interpersonal relationship
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987) - was an American psychologist who founded humanistic psychology and was known especially for his person-centered psychotherapy
• Carl Rogers

  - known for his views on the therapeutic relationship and his theories of personality and self-actualization
• Carl Rogers -  believed that for a person to “grow”, they need an environment that provides them with genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
• Genuineness - openness and self-disclosure
• Acceptance - being seen with unconditional positive regard
• Empathy - being listened to and understood
• Self-concept - the image of oneself; what comes to mind when asked about who they are
• Self-Actualization

  - human beings' goal; reason to strive

  - to achieve, the development of the self-concept is needed
• Components of Self-Concept

  - Real Self

  - Ideal Self
• Real Self -  consists of all the ideas, including the awareness of what one is and what one can do.