Respiratory System

• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


  the organ system that aids in breathing and respiration by taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
• ROLE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  • to move air into the body and remove waste products
  • Body cells require oxygen for respiration; the network of respiratory organs and eventual gas exchange into the blood, enables the oxygen we breathe to reach our body cells
  • Carbon dioxide is exhaled.
• RESPIRATION

  • the process involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in organisms
  • It can be divided into breathing and cellular respiration.
• Breathing

  • A process where the air from the atmosphere is transported into the lungs.
  • At the same time, carbon dioxide from the organism is returned to the environment.
• Cellular Respiration

  • The cells convert energy from glucose from the food that we eat into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

  C_6H_12O_6 (glucose) + 6O_2 (oxygen) —> 6CO_2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H_2O (water)
• PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  1. Upper Respiratory Tract
  2. Lower Respiratory Tract
• Upper Respiratory Tract

  1. Nostrils
  2. Pharynx
  3. Nasal Cavity and The Mouth
  4. Epiglottis
  5. Larynx
• Nostrils


   serve as the opening to the respiratory tract
• Pharynx


  connects mouth and nasal cavity to the esophagus
• NASAL CAVITY & THE MOUTH

  Air is inhaled and enters the body through the mouth and nasal cavity. It is warmed up through this process.
• Epiglottis


  flap of cartilage that opens during respiration
• Larynx


  also known as the voice box, is involved in sound production.
• Lower Respiratory Tract

  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchus
  4. Bronchioles
  5. Lungs
  6. Alveoli
  7. Diaphragm
• Trachea


  connects the larynx and pharynx to the lungs
• Bronchi


  air passageway from trachea to the lungs
• TRACHEA

  The air passes down the trachea. The trachea is a long tube connecting the mouth and nasal cavity to the rest of the respiratory system.
• BRONCHUS


  The trachea branches off into two bronchi. One bronchus enters each lung
• Bronchioles


  Each bronchus divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which the air passes through
• Lungs


  the main organ for respiration.
• ALVEOLI


  Alveoli are located at the end of each bronchiole. Alveoli are air sacs which facilitate gas exchange. There are millions of them in the lungs
• Diaphragm


  a muscle that expands or contracts when breathing
• Major Steps of Respiration

  • Breathing
  • Gas Exchange
• Phases of Breathing

  • Inhalation
  • Exhalation
• Inhalation

  • It is when the diaphragm contracts and induces the decrease in air pressure within the lungs.
  • This difference in air pressure between the lungs and atmosphere causes air to rush into the lungs.
• Exhalation

  • As a person breathes out, the diaphragm relaxes that decreases the size of the chest, leading to the increase in air pressure in the lungs.
  • The higher pressure in the lungs compared with the atmosphere pushes the air to rush out of the lungs.
• ALVEOLI FEATURES

  • They have thin walls to reduce the distance for diffusion.
  • The walls are only one cell thick.
  • They have a large surface area which is moist so gases can dissolve and diffuse across.
  • They are surrounded by capillaries, so alveoli have a rich blood supply.
• GAS EXCHANGE IN THE ALVEOLI

  Inhaled oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled
• GAS EXCHANGE

  • The site of gas exchange between air and the blood is the alveoli.
  • The mechanism behind gas exchange is diffusion.
  • It is the movement of gases from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
• DIFFUSION


  Diffusion in the lungs occurs when there is a difference in the concentration of oxygen or carbon dioxide between the air inside the alveoli and the blood within the capillaries.
• During inhalation, air goes to the alveoli and carries a rich concentration of oxygen, which is higher than that of the blood in the capillaries. This difference in oxygen concentration leads to the diffusion of oxygen from the air into the blood.
• Similarly, the blood in the capillaries carries a high concentration of carbon dioxide compared with the air in the alveoli. This causes carbon dioxide to diffuse from the capillaries into the alveoli.
• Variables of Lung Capacity

  • Vital Capacity (VC)
  • Residual Volume (RV)
  • Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
  • Tidal Volume
• Vital capacity (VC)


   is the volume of air exhaled after the deepest inhalation.
•  Residual volume (RV)


  is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.
• Total lung capacity (TLC)


  is the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.
• Tidal volume


  is the volume of air moved into or out of the lungs.