Education

• Academy - State-funded schools that are funded directly by the government rather than by the local education authority. (The money from the government goes straight to the school instead of through the local education authority.) (A school that is funded by the government and does not select on the basis of academic achievement)
• Achievement - Attaining (gain) status through competition and by personal effort and accomplishment.
• Anti-school subculture - Consist of groups of students who rebel against the school for various reasons, and develop an alternative set of delinquent values, attitudes and behaviours in opposition to the academic aims, ethos and rules of a school. (This can affect their educational achievement.) 
• Catchment area - Refers to the geographical area from which students are allowed to attend a specific school. (Schools have a certain distance area that they can accept students for/those students then have priority for that school.) 
• Citizenship - A status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. (A status given to those who are full members of a community.)
• Competition - Competition is an impersonal (unbiased), unconscious, continuous struggle between individuals or groups for success 

  OR

  Competition - How schools are wanting to attract the ‘best’ students so they compete with each other
• Comprehensive school - A state secondary school that does not select pupils on the basis of ability. (A school that is funded by the government and does not select on the basis of academic achievement.)
• Compulsory state education - In Britain, state education was first made compulsory in the late 19th century (for children up to the age of 10); this was later extended to include children of secondary age (11-18) in the Education Act of 1944. 
• Correspondence principle - The idea that the education system is designed primarily to serve the needs of the capitalist economic system. The principles of work are mirrored in school and vice versa (e.g. hierarchy, punctuality) (designed to help the capitalist economic system) (Bowles and Gintis)
• Counter school subculture - Consist of groups of students who rebel against the school for various reasons, and develop an alternative set of delinquent values, attitudes and behaviours in opposition to the academic aims, ethos and rules of a school. Work of Willis 
• Cultural capital - The skills and values passed on to their children by middle class parents i.e. language skills, motivation. 
• Cultural deprivation - The controversial idea that some groups, for example working-class children, lacked the cultural capital that helps achieve educational success. (working class parents are not able to give their children the language skills and the motivation/support they need to succeed in education. It is all about the families norms and values)
• Curriculum - The subjects and topics a school teaches
• Deschooling - The idea that schools should be abolished and replaced with some kind of informal education system. (An educational method that promotes the freedom of children to choose what they want to learn. More specifically it refers to the process where a student leaves a traditional education to adapt to learning at home, and the time it takes to get used to it.) 
• Economy - The social institutions through which a society's resources (goods and services) are managed (how the resources are given to different institutions).
• Education - The process of giving and receiving knowledge, generally associated in contemporary (modern) society schools and universities. 
• Education reform - Any planned changes in the way a school or school system functions, from teaching methodologies to administrative processes. Delivered by the government and involves policy (planned changes of how the school runs)
• Eleven plus - An examination administered to some students in their last year of primary education, governing admission to various types of secondary school. Grammar entrance (it is an IQ test)
• Employment - Having material rewards for working, normally on contracted hours. (Having a job) 
• Ethnocentric curriculum - Subjects taught within schools or universities, practices within school and ideas within the hidden curriculum that uncritically assume the superiority of certain customs, behaviours or ethnic groups. (hidden curriculum within schools that assume certain practices, behaviours or ethnic groups). 
• Ethos (of the school) - The character, atmosphere, or 'climate of the school'. This might include things like: whether there is an emphasis on academic success, and/ or artistic or sporting achievements. (how the school is run)
• Exclusion (from school) - When a child is removed from school, either on a temporary or permanent basis. 
• Expectations - A preconceived idea about how an individual or group should behave. (A predetermined idea about how an individual or group should behave.)
• Fee paying, public, independent or private school - Schools are privately funded through fees or donations from parents or other donors, rather than being funded by the state through taxation. (a school which is funded by parental fees and not the government)
• Free schools - A type of Academy, a non-profit-making, state-funded school which is free to attend. Free schools are not controlled by a Local Authority (LA) but instead governed by a non-profit charitable trust. (a type of academy ran by a charity, often set up by parents)
• Formal education - The timetabled subjects taught in school
• Further education - The education of people who have left school but who are not at a university or a college of education.
• Gendered curriculum - The idea that males and females are encouraged to study different subjects. Some subjects become seen as male (product design), some as female and some as gender neutral (textiles).
• Hidden curriculum - A set of values, attitudes and principles transmitted to pupils but not as part of the formal curriculum of timetabled subjects. (Teaching things like norms and values)
• Home education/home tuition - When parents take full responsibility for the education of their children rather than allowing them to attend school. 
• Independent sector schools - A small proportion of the children attend schools in which their parents pay for, known. as 'independent' because they exist outside state education provision. For example, they do not have to teach the 'National Curriculum', nor make their students sit Standard. (a school which is funded by parental fees and not the government that don’t follow the national curriculum)
• Inclusion/exclusion - Social inclusion is the process where all individuals engage in various social (everyone is together), economical and political systems whereas social exclusion is where certain individuals or groups in the society are marginalised. (certain individuals are discriminated and pushed out of that society)
• Informal education - Unplanned and spontaneous learning of behaviours, norms, and values, which typically occur outside of formal (school) settings or lessons. (teaches students the norms and values)
• Institutional racism - Organisational procedures, practices and attitudes that either intentionally or unintentionally discriminate against a minority ethnic group. (when a group gets discriminated against in an institution)
• Intelligence Quotient - A measure of the intelligence of an individual derived from results obtained from specially designed tests. (IQ)
• Labelling - A label / judgement is applied to an individual which influences both their behaviour and the way that others respond to them. (how someone is seen and called, what people think of them) 
• League tables - A set of statistics used to compare the performance of schools / education providers. (a way to store the data of performance of schools/education providers to make it easy to compare it to other schools/education providers) 
• Marketisation of education - The changes in the late 1980’s that made the education system more business-like, based on competition and consumer choice. (the education system became more of a business that wanting the best for the students)
• Material deprivation - The inability of individuals or households to afford the goods and activities that are typical in a society at a given point in time. Households do not have enough money to buy things like resources for education. 
• Meritocracy - A social system that rewards merit / hard work rather than inherited status. A system that rewards hard work instead of inherited status.