Rural Protests

• Under Verwoerd, africans were forced to live in Bantustans, where they managed their affairs, areas designated for farming were small, poor, overcrowded, and overpopulated
• Government attempted cattle-killing policy to improve stock quality and grazing grounds, had widespread protest; Pondoland revolt lasted several years, eventually stamped out (impact: high short-term, low long-term)
• Chiefs faced difficulties in implementing government's white laws, (passes and taxes); a refusal to cooperate led to removal, cooperation led to being labeled a 'puppet', government police called to crush those protests