Lesson 1

• What was the early belief about the cause of disease?

  Disease was believed to be caused by the negative interaction between the environment and the body.
• Who is known as the Father of Medicine?

  Hippocrates
• What significant document did Hippocrates author?

  The Hippocratic Oath
• What did Galen instigate in medical practice?

  Galen instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids.
• What are the four humors according to Galen?

  Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
• What methods did Galen advocate for diagnosing disease?


  He advocated tasting urine, listening to the lungs, and observing outward appearances.
• What did Galen conclude about the appearances in urine?

  He concluded that appearances of blood, pus, and bubbles in urine indicate kidney disease and chronic illnesses.
• What diagnostic method did Galen advocate?

  Urinalysis
• How did Galen describe diabetes?

  As "diarrhea of urine."
• What significant medical text was published in 900 AD?

  The first book detailing the characteristics of urine.
• What restriction was placed on medical practitioners in the 11th century?

  Medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examinations on patients.
• How did medical practitioners diagnose patients in the 11th century?

  They solely relied on the patient’s description of symptoms and their observations.
• What advancements were made in the 18th century regarding diagnosis?

  Mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection were used for more objective and accurate diagnosis.
• What machines began to be used by physicians in the 19th century?

  Spirometer and sphygmomanometer.
• What was the purpose of the spirometer invented by John Hutchinson?

  To measure the vital capacity of the lungs.
• What does the sphygmomanometer measure?

  Blood pressure.
• How was chemistry pivotal in the 19th century?

  It was pivotal in the diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, and syphilis.
• What percentage of medical professionals were non-physicians in 1969?

  80%
• What need arose due to the growth of the medical profession in 1969?

  The need for technicians to be proficient in the use of technology.
• What was the first diagnostic medical breakthrough invented in 1816?

  The stethoscope.
• What was the purpose of the stethoscope?

  To acquire information about the lungs.
• Who devised the microscope for medical purposes?

  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.
• What advancement did the ophthalmoscope provide in 1850?

  It was the first visual technology for examining the eyes.
• Who invented the laryngoscope in 1855?

  Manuel Garcia.
• What was the significance of the X-ray discovered in 1859?

  It allowed physicians to view the inside of the body without surgery.
• What diseases were diagnosed using X-rays since World War 2?

  Pneumonia, pleurisy, and tuberculosis.
• Who developed the electrocardiograph in 1903?

  William Einthoven.
• What was the Kenny Method developed for in 1910?

  It was developed for the treatment of Polio using hot packs and muscle manipulation.
• What was the purpose of the drink respirator invented in 1927?

  To help patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitis recover normal respiration.
• What was the first visual technology made by Hermann von Helmholz in 1939?

  The heart-lung machine.
• What was cardiac catheterization and angiography developed for?

  To visualize the heart, lung vessels, and valves through inserting a cannula in an arm vein.
• What did the electron microscope allow visualization of?

  Small cells including tumor cells.
• What advancements did computers bring to medical research?

  They led to the development of tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
• When was the William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine opened?

  1895
• What was the purpose of the William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine?

  To highlight the service role of clinical laboratories.
• Who called for the development of a method to certify medical technologists on a national scale in 1918?

  John Kolmer.
• What did John Kolmer publish in 1918?

  The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians.
• What law was enacted in Pennsylvania in 1918?

  A law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have fully-equipped laboratories for routine testing.
• Who directed the administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals in 1920?

  A chief physician.
• What divisions did clinical laboratories consist of in 1920?

  Clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology, and radiology.