ZARTEX THEORY

• What is the main question posed by the Vortex Theory regarding the Copernican-Galilean viewpoint?


  It questions whether adopting this viewpoint involved sacrificing understanding for greater predictive power.
• How did Galileo's work shift the aim of science according to the study material?


  It reflected a shift from "understanding why" to merely "describing how."
• What did René Descartes claim about Galileo's descriptions of motion?


  He claimed that Galileo only described particular cases of motion without inquiring into their "first causes."
• According to Aristotle, why do bodies in motion not tend to persist in motion?


  He argued that the little persistence they have can be explained by the medium.
• What was Galileo's assumption about bodies in motion?


  He assumed that they do persist in motion and sought to explain the forces affecting their speed and direction.
• How did Aristotle explain the motion of planets?


  He claimed that planets are carried by spheres executing rotational motion suited to their form.
• What was Galileo's hypothesis regarding the motion of planets?


  He hypothesized that planets naturally persist in rectilinear motion and sought to explain their curved orbits.
• What is the deductive-nomological (D-N) theory of scientific explanation?

  • Deductive: Explanation is a deduction from given premises.
  • Nomological: Premises are universal or statistical laws of nature.
  • To explain an event is to deduce logically that it must have occurred.
  • Explanation is symmetric with prediction.
• What does the D-N model imply about explanations that lack its structure?

  Such explanations are considered pseudo-explanations.
• What are Newton's three laws of motion?

  1. Every body maintains its state of motion until acted upon by a force. 2. Acceleration is proportional to force and mass. 3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• What is Descartes' vortex theory of planetary motion?


  It posits that the universe is filled with vortices surrounding rotating stars.
• How does Descartes define motion in the ordinary sense?


  He defines it as the action by which a body passes from one place to another.
• What is Descartes' philosophical definition of motion?


  It is the transporting of one part of matter from the vicinity of bodies in immediate contact to the vicinity of other bodies.
• What challenge does Newton identify regarding true motion?


  He notes the difficulty in distinguishing true motion from apparent motion due to the limitations of our senses.
• What does Newton's thought-experiment involving two globes illustrate?


  It illustrates how the tension of a cord can help discover the true motion of the globes.
• What does Newton's bucket experiment demonstrate?

  • The bucket and water at rest: No motion in Descartes's sense.
  • The bucket spins: Water moves in Descartes's sense, but no dynamical effect.
  • Water spins with the bucket: No motion in Descartes's sense, but evident dynamical effect.
  • Bucket stops, water continues: Water moves in Descartes's sense, with the same dynamical effect.
• What is Newton's argument for universal gravitation based on?

  It is based on the laws of motion and their corollaries, along with empirical observations of planetary motion.
• What empirical premises support Newton's argument for universal gravitation?


  All planets obey Kepler's 2nd and 3rd laws with respect to the Sun and their central planets.
• Kepler’s ellipse law: Planets orbit the sun in ellipses with the

  sun at their common focus

  
• Kepler’s area law: The radius drawn from the sun to a planet

  sweeps out equal areas in equal times.

  
• ano yan

  A) physical astronomy

  
• walang clue

  A) early model

  
• hulaan

  A) the inner planets