The specific immune response

• What is the specific immune response primarily associated with?

  Different types of lymphocytes
• What are the different types of lymphocytes?

  • Helper cell
  • T killer cell
  • T memory cell
  • T regulator cell
• What is the function of helper cells?

  They assist in the activation of other immune cell, produce interleukins which stimulate activity of B cells increasing antibody production
• What is the role of T killer cells?

  They destroy pathogen-infected cells by creating holes in their membranes
• What do T memory cells do?

  They provide immunological memory and respond rapidly upon re-exposure to an antigen
• What is the function of T regulator cells?

  They suppress the immune system to control and regulate the immune response
• What happens when T memory cells encounter an antigen for the second time?

  They divide rapidly to form a large number of T killer cells
• What chemical do T killer cells produce to destroy pathogens?

  Perforin
• How do T killer cells destroy pathogens?

  By making holes in the pathogen's cell membrane
• What is the lifespan of T memory cells?

  They live for a long time
• What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

  They are important in controlling and regulating the immune response
• What is the significance of the body recognizing self-antigens?

  It prevents an autoimmune response
• What happens to the immune response once a pathogen has been removed?

  T regulator cells stop the immune response
• What type of cell produces antibodies to a particular antigen?

  Plasma cell
• What is the primary function of a plasma cell?

  To produce antibodies and release them into circulation
• What is the function of B memory cells?

  To provide immunological memory and enable rapid response to specific antigens
• What is the definition of clonal selection?

  The theory that exposure to a specific antigen selectively stimulates the operation of the cell with the appropriate receptor to form numerous copies of these specific antibody-forming cells.
• How does clonal selection lead to clonal expansion?

  Clonal selection activates specific B/T cells, leading to their proliferation into numerous identical copies.
• What is clonal expansion?

  The process of proliferation of antibody-producing cells by clonal selection.
• What is the significance of clonal expansion in the immune response?

  It allows for the rapid increase in the number of specific antibody-producing cells to effectively combat an antigen.
• How does the process of clonal selection ensure specificity in the immune response?

  By selecting only those B/T cells that have receptors specific to the antigen, leading to targeted immune responses.
• What is the role of B/T cells in clonal selection?

  B/T cells are selected based on their specific receptors for antigens, leading to their activation and proliferation.
• What happens to the selected B/T cells during clonal expansion?

  They undergo division to produce numerous identical copies of themselves.
• What is the relationship between clonal selection and the production of antibodies?

  Clonal selection leads to the activation of specific B cells that produce antibodies against the targeted antigen.
• What is the purpose of cell-mediated immunity?

  To respond to the calls of antigens and eliminate infected cells
• How do lymphocytes respond to antigens?

  By processing the antigens and activating specific immune responses
• What is the role of antigen processing in cell-mediated immunity?

  It allows lymphocytes to recognize and respond to specific antigens
• What are the stages involved in cell-mediated immunity?

  1. Virus enters the body
  2. Phagocyte engulfs the virus
  3. Antigen is presented on the phagocyte's surface
  4. Immature T-helper cells are activated
  5. Clonal selection occurs
  6. Clonal expansion takes place
  7. Some T-cells differentiate into cytotoxic T-cells to kill infected cells
• What type of cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

  Lymphocytes, specifically T-cells
• What happens during clonal selection in T-cells?

  Specific T-cells are selected to respond to a particular antigen
• How does clonal expansion contribute to the immune response?

  It increases the number of specific T-cells available to fight the infection
• What do some T-cells differentiate into after clonal expansion?

  Cytotoxic T-cells
• What is the function of cytotoxic T-cells?

  To kill infected cells in the body
• What is the purpose of humoral immunity?

  To respond to antigens found outside cells and pathogens
• What type of immunity is involved in responding to antigens found outside cells?

  Humoral immunity
• What are the stages involved in humoral immunity?

  1. Pathogen enters the body
  2. Phagocyte engulfs the antigen of the pathogen
  3. Antigen is presented on MHC
  4. Helper T cell activates B cells
  5. B cells divide by mitosis (clonal expansion)
  6. B cells differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells
• What is the role of phagocytes in humoral immunity?

  To engulf antigens of pathogens
• What do B cells differentiate into during humoral immunity?

  Plasma cells and memory cells
• How does a helper T cell contribute to humoral immunity?

  By activating B cells to divide and produce antibodies
• What is the function of plasma cells in humoral immunity?

  To produce antibodies