Preventing and treating disease

• What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

  Active immunity involves making your own antibodies, while passive immunity involves receiving antibodies from another source.
• Why does active immunity provide immunological memory?

  Because the body produces its own antibodies and remembers the antigens for future responses.
• What is natural immunity?

  Natural immunity is when you encounter antigens or antibodies during your normal day-to-day life.
• What is artificial immunity?

  Artificial immunity is when antigens or antibodies are deliberately injected or ingested.
• Why is artificial immunity sometimes the only option available?

  It may be the only option if most people are dying from the disease or if the pathogen cannot be contracted naturally in a particular country.
• How are antibodies for artificial passive immunity produced?

  They are produced using monoclonal antibodies from plasma cells fused with cancer or tumor cells.
• What role do plasma cells play in producing monoclonal antibodies?

  Plasma cells are used to form identical antibodies by fusing with cancer or tumor cells.
• Where are the correct plasma cells selected from in the process of producing monoclonal antibodies?

  They are selected from the spleen of animals.
• What is the term used for immunity that is developed through exposure to pathogens?

  Active immunity
• What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?

  Antibodies help to identify and neutralize pathogens like bacteria and viruses
• What is the main disadvantage of artificial immunity?

  It can cause temporary immunity
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of active immunity?

  Advantages:

  • Long-term immunity
  • Memory cells are created

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Takes time to develop
  • Symptoms may occur during the immune response
• What is passive immunity?

  Immunity acquired through the transfer of antibodies from another individual
• How does herd immunity protect individuals in a population?

  It reduces the spread of disease by ensuring a large portion of the population is immune
• What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity?

  Natural immunity occurs through exposure to pathogens, while artificial immunity is induced through vaccines
• What are the potential side effects of vaccinations?

  Symptoms and reactions can occur, such as soreness at the injection site or mild fever
• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  To stimulate an immune response and provide immunity against specific diseases
• What is the significance of memory cells in the immune system?

  Memory cells provide long-term immunity by remembering past infections
• Why is it important to have a safe form of an antigen in vaccinations?

  To stimulate an immune response without causing the disease
• What is the term for immunity that is passed from mother to baby?

  Passive immunity
• What is the role of antibodies in passive immunity?

  Antibodies provide immediate protection against pathogens
• What is a potential risk of artificial immunity?

  It can lead to allergic reactions in some individuals
• What is the significance of herd immunity in public health?

  It protects vulnerable individuals who cannot be vaccinated
• How does the immune response differ between natural and artificial immunity?

  Natural immunity develops after infection, while artificial immunity is induced through vaccination
• What is the main purpose of vaccination?

  To provide immunity against specific diseases
• What is the importance of long-term immunity?

  It provides lasting protection against specific pathogens
• How does the immune system respond to a vaccine?

  The immune system recognizes the vaccine as a pathogen and produces antibodies
• What is the significance of immediate protection provided by artificial immunity?

  It helps to quickly defend against infections while the body develops its own immune response
• What are the implications of having a high level of antibodies in the body?

  A high level of antibodies indicates a strong immune response to pathogens
• What is the definition of an epidemic?

  An epidemic is when a communicable disease spreads unusually to a lot of people at a local or regional level.
• What is the definition of a pandemic?

  A pandemic is when the same disease spreads rapidly across a number of countries and continents.
• What is the definition of herd immunity?

  Herd immunity refers to the immunity of a population to a disease when a sufficient number of individuals are immune.
• How does herd immunity work?

  Herd immunity works by preventing the spread of disease once enough people have developed immunity to the pathogen.
• What are the benefits of herd immunity?

  Benefits of herd immunity include the eradication of diseases like smallpox and protection for those who cannot be vaccinated.
• What is meant by the term ring vaccination?

  Ring vaccination is a response vaccination strategy where individuals in the immediate vicinity of a reported case are vaccinated.
• What is the difference between herd vaccination and ring vaccination?

  Herd vaccination targets the entire population, while ring vaccination focuses on individuals in the immediate vicinity of a disease case.
• What are the similarities and differences between herd vaccination and ring vaccination?

  Similarities:

  • Both aim to control the spread of infectious diseases.
  • Both involve vaccination as a primary strategy.

  
  

  Differences:

  • Herd vaccination targets the entire population.
  • Ring vaccination targets individuals in the immediate vicinity of a reported case.