In-school processes and relationships

• What are some dental factors that can affect students' achievement at school?

  The school and the way of teaching, teachers' attitudes and expectations, and teacher-pupil interactions
• What does the term 'school ethos' refer to?

  It refers to the character, atmosphere, or climate of the school.
• What are some aspects that might be included in a school's ethos?

  • Emphasis on academic success or artistic/sporting achievements
  • Focus on equal opportunities for all students
  • Promotion of respect for diversity and multiculturalism
  • Valuing and encouraging all students regardless of their abilities
  • Emphasis on social, moral, spiritual, and religious development
  • Encouragement of active participation in school life
• How does the school keep in touch with parents?

  Through newsletters and school reports.
• How does the hidden curriculum support the ethos of a school?

  It reflects the attitudes and values of the school ethos through daily routines and interactions.
• What is an example of a visible aspect of the hidden curriculum?

  Displays of sports trophies in a school with a sports specialism.
• What are some less obvious examples of the hidden curriculum?

  Emphasis on punctuality, raising hands to answer questions, and school rules.
• What is the Hidden Curriculum?

  • Unwritten rules, norms, and values students are expected to conform to in school
  • Taught indirectly through the organization and routines of the school
  • Examples include punctuality, respect for authority, and a pro-school attitude
• What is the contrast between the hidden curriculum and the formal curriculum?

  The hidden curriculum consists of unwritten norms, while the formal curriculum includes specific subjects and lessons.
• What are some expected patterns of behavior transmitted through the hidden curriculum?

  • Respecting hierarchy and authority
  • Punctuality
  • Wearing a uniform
  • Respect for other pupils' opinions
  • Aspiration to achieve
  • Developing a work ethic
  • Consent to being surveilled
• How do norms from the hidden curriculum affect students' behavior in school?

  They create expected patterns of behavior that students must conform to, with punishments for non-conformity.
• What is the Marxist perspective on the Hidden Curriculum?

  It views the hidden curriculum as preparing children for future exploitation in the workforce.
• Who explicitly mentioned the Hidden Curriculum in their Correspondence Principle?

  Bowles and Gintis.
• What do Cotton, Winter, and Balley (2013) argue about schools and the hidden curriculum?

  They argue that schools emphasize efficiency and individual responsibility, reflecting neoliberal marketization policies.
• What are the compulsory national curriculum subjects?

  1. Maths
  2. Science
  3. Geography
  4. History
  5. Languages
  6. Religious Studies
  7. Art
  8. Design Technology
  9. Music

  10. Physical Education

  11. Citizenship

  12. Computing
• What is the purpose of having a national curriculum?

  To provide everyone with the same type of learning and prepare students for the world of work.
• What are some pros and cons of having a national curriculum?

  Pros include a unified choice of subjects; cons include missing out on recognizing individual student needs.
• How can teacher attitudes and expectations affect student achievement?

  They can influence students' self-concepts and their likelihood of success.
• What is labeling theory?

  • Suggests that labels given to students affect how others respond to them
  • Labels can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies
  • Positive labels can lead to success, while negative labels can hinder achievement
• What is the Halo Effect in the context of labeling theory?

  It is when a teacher's positive impression of a student influences their perception of the student's other qualities.
• How does labeling theory relate to self-concept in students?

  Labels influence how students see themselves and interact with others, affecting their attitudes and achievement.
• What are the three stages of typing or classification according to Hargreaves et al.?

  Speculation, elaboration, and stabilization.
• What criteria do teachers use to type students during the speculation stage?

  Appearance, discipline, ability, enthusiasm for work, likability, relationships with peers, and personality.
• How do preconceived ideas about students affect labeling?

  Labels can be based on stereotypes related to students' ethnic, gender, or social class backgrounds.
• What is the relationship between labeling and self-fulfilling prophecy?

  A label can lead a student to accept it, causing their behavior to align with that label.
• Who conducted the famous self-fulfilling prophecy experiment known as "Pygmalion in the Classroom"?

  Rosenthal and Jacobson.
• What did Hargreaves et al. find about teachers' initial perceptions of students?

  Teachers have limited knowledge about students when they first enter school and form impressions over time.
• What is the significance of the three stages of typing in Hargreaves et al.'s study?

  They illustrate how teachers develop their perceptions and classifications of students over time.
• Who conducted the study on deviance in classrooms mentioned in the material?

  1. C. Rist
• What is the first stage of the teacher's speculation process regarding students?

  Teachers make guesses about the types of students they are dealing with.
• What are the seven main criteria teachers use to type students?

  • Their appearance
  • How far they conform to discipline
  • Their ability and enthusiasm for work
  • How likeable they were
  • Their relationship with other children
  • Their personality
  • Whether they were deviant as students
• What do Cicourel and Hargreaves et al. stress about the speculation stage?

  Teachers are tentative in their typing and willing to amend criteria based on their views.
• What happens in the elaboration phase of the teacher's speculation process?

  Each hypothesis is tested and either confirmed or contradicted, refining the typing of each student.
• What occurs during the stabilization stage of the teacher's speculation process?


  The teacher feels they know the students well and interprets their actions based on the general type of student they believe they are.
• What did R.C. Rist's (1970) study focus on regarding labelling?


  How teachers label students based on social background indicators rather than actual ability.
• What did Rist find about the grouping of students in Kindergarten?

  Students were grouped into three tables based on perceived ability by day eight of school.
• What criteria did teachers use to judge students in Rist's study?


  Teachers judged students based on appearance and whether they came from an educated, middle-class family.
• What did Cicourel and Leuse (1963) study in American high schools?

  The decisions counselors made regarding which students to place in college preparation programs.
• What discrepancy did Cicourel and Leuse find in their study?

  Not all students with high grades and IQ scores were placed in college preparation programs.
• What influence did social class have on students' placement in courses according to Cicourel and Kitsuse?

  Students from middle-class backgrounds were more likely to be placed in higher-level courses.