PR 1 : QUIZ 1

• What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative research methods?

  Qualitative research focuses on detailed descriptions, while quantitative research focuses on statistical analysis.
• What does Donald Campbell mean by stating that "all research ultimately has a qualitative grounding"?


  It suggests that all research is based on qualitative understanding, even if it uses quantitative methods.
• What is the aim of qualitative research?

  The aim is to provide a complete, detailed description of the subject being studied.
• When is qualitative research recommended?

  It is recommended during the earlier phases of research projects.
• How does the design of qualitative research develop?

  The design emerges as the study unfolds.
• Who is the data gathering instrument in qualitative research?

  The researcher is the data gathering instrument.
• What does Fred Kerlinger mean by stating "there's no such thing as qualitative data"?


  He implies that all data can be reduced to numerical values, either 1 or 0.
• What is the aim of quantitative research?

  The aim is to classify features, count them, and construct statistical models to explain observations.
• When is quantitative research recommended?

  It is recommended during the latter phases of research projects.
• How are the aspects of a quantitative study designed?

  All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected.
• What type of data does qualitative research typically collect?

  Data is in the form of words, pictures, or objects.
• What type of data does quantitative research typically collect?

  Data is in the form of numbers and statistics.
• How does qualitative research view individual interpretation of events?

  Subjective interpretation is important in qualitative research.
• How does quantitative research approach measurement and analysis?

  It seeks precise measurement and analysis of target concepts.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative data?

  Qualitative data is rich but time-consuming and less generalizable.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative data?

  Quantitative data is efficient and can test hypotheses but may miss contextual detail.
• What are the types of variables in research?

  • Predictor Variables: Change other variables in non-experimental studies.
  • Criterion Variables: Influenced by predictor variables.
  • Independent Variables: Manipulated in experiments.
  • Dependent Variables: Affected by independent variables.
  • Extraneous Variables: Existing variables that could influence results.
• What is a univariate study?

  A univariate study examines only one variable.
• What is a bivariate study?

  A bivariate study examines two variables.
• What is a polyvariate study?

  A polyvariate study examines more than two variables.
• What are polychotomous variables?

  Polychotomous variables have many categories.
• What are independent variables in research?

  Independent variables are usually manipulated in an experiment.
• What are dependent variables in research?

  Dependent variables are usually affected by the manipulation of independent variables.
• What are extraneous variables?

  Extraneous variables are existing variables that could influence the results of a study.
• What are the classifications of variables in quantitative research?

  1. Numeric Variables:

  • Continuous Variables: Can assume any value (e.g., time, age).
  • Discrete Variables: Can only assume whole values (e.g., number of children).

  1. Categorical Variables:

  • Ordinal Variables: Can be logically ordered (e.g., academic grades).
  • Nominal Variables: Cannot be logically ordered (e.g., eye colors).
  • Dichotomous Variables: Represent only two categories (e.g., gender).
• What is the purpose of the background of the study?

  The background introduces the problem, clarifies important variables, and discusses limitations.
• What should the introduction of a research study establish?

  The introduction should establish the cognitive setting of the research and the need to study the problem.
• What is the significance of the study?

  The significance identifies the beneficiaries and the benefits of solving the research problem.
• How should the benefits of the research be arranged?

  Benefits must be specific and arranged according to the degree of significance.
• What is the rationale of the research problem?

  The rationale explains the reason why the researcher has decided to look for solutions to the problem.
• What does the setting of the research problem define?

  The setting defines the geographic boundaries of the study and implies certain demographic characteristics.
• What is the basic literature foundation of the study?

  It defines or clarifies the terms or variables used in the study.
• Why is it important for the researcher to see the intensity and magnitude of the problem?

  Understanding the gravity of the problem helps the researcher take action and work on it.
• What is the general objective of the research problem?

  The general objective is the main task that the researcher must answer regarding the variables.
• What must the researcher be aware of regarding the purpose of the research problem?

  The researcher must know how the research findings will help various stakeholders.
• What should the summary of the research be like?

  The summary must be short and concise, composed of about three to five pages.
• Why is stating the problem essential in research?

  Stating the problem helps clarify essential elements such as major variables and objectives.
• What are the elements in the statement of the general problem?

  The elements include the main task, major variables, participants, specific setting, and coverage date.
• What does the scope and limitation of the study refer to?

  It refers to the breadth and depth at which the research area will be explored.
• What is the significance of defining major variables in the study?

  Defining major variables helps clarify the focus and boundaries of the research.