Chemical Level of Organization

• major chemical elements that contributes about 96% of the body's total mass


  oxygen (65.0), carbon (18.5), hydrogen (9.5), nitrogen (3.2)
• lesser elements that contributes about 3.6 to the body's body mass


  calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, sulfur, magnesium, iron
• trace elements that contributes about 0.4 to the body mass


  chromium, aluminum, boron, cobalt, copper, iodine, molybdenum, zinc, fluorine, manganese, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium
• oxygen


  a molecule used by cells to store chemical energy
• carbon


  forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecule
• hydrogen


  makes body fluids more acidic
• nitrogen


  components of proteins and nucleic acids
• chemical bonds

  ionic bonds, covalent bond, hydrogen bonds
• inorganic compounds


  water
• organic compounds


  carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids
• monosaccharides

  • glucose- main blood sugar
  • fructose- found in fruits
  • galactose- in milk sugar
  • deoxyribose- dna
  • ribose- rna
• disaccharides

  • glucose + fructose = sucrose
  • glucose + galactose = lactose
  • glucose + glucose = maltose
• polysaccharides


  glycogen, starches, cellulose
• lipids ( c, h, o)


  fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids,
• steroids


  cholesterol, bile salts, vit d, adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones
• eicosanoids


  prostaglandins, leukotrienes
• protein (c, h, o, n)

  • structural (collagen)
  • regulatory (neurotransmitter)
  • contractile (myosin and actin)
  • immunological (antibodies and interleukins)
  • transport (hemoglobin)
  • catalytic (ATPase)
• 1. DNA- gene is a segment of molecule
  2. RNA- relays instructions from the genes to guide cell's synthesis of proteins from amino acids
• monosaccharides


  simple sugars that contains from 3 to 7 carbon atoms
• disaccharides


  simples sugars formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
• polysaccharides


  from tens and hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
• glycogen


  stored from carbohydrates in animals
• starches


  stored form of carbohydrates in plants and main carbohydrate in food
• cellulose


  parts of cell wall in plants that cannot be digested by humans but aids movement in foods through intestine
• fatty acids


  used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (atp)
• triglycerides 


  protection, insulation, energy storage
• phospholipids


  major lipid component of cell membranes
• cholesterol


  minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor bile salts, vitamin d, and steroid hormones
• bile salts


  needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids
• vitamin d


  helps regulate calcium level in the body; needed for bone growth and repair
• adrenocortical hormones


  helps regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt and water balance
• sex hormones


  stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics
• eicosanoids


  have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction
• carotenes


  needed for synthesis of vitamin a ( used to make pigments in the eye); functions as anti oxidants
• vitamin e


  promotes wound healing, prevents tissue scarring, contributes to normal structure and functions of nervous system
• lipoproteins


  transport lipids in blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues, and remove excess cholesterol from blood
• structural


  forms structural framework of various parts of body
• regulatory


  functions as hormones that regulate various physiological processes; control growth and development; as neurotransmitters, mediate responses to nervous system
• contractile


  allow shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement
• immunological

  aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens