Disease, Homeostasis, Cell Organelles, Protein Synthesis

• What is the definition of disease?

  Disease is an aberrant manifestation of deregulated homeostasis caused by harmful agents.
• What characterizes the development of a disease?

  It is a pathologic process with a set of characteristics of signs and symptoms involved with the body.
• What is the definition of health?

  Health is a state of an organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease.
• What are some infectious agents that can cause disease?

  Bacteria, viruses, helminths, and protozoans.
• What are toxic agents that can affect health?

  Chemicals, such as carbon monoxide (CO), can be toxic agents.
• How does the WHO define health?

  Health indicates not just the absence of disease, but also a state of complete physical, psychological, mental, and social well-being.
• Why is fever not considered a disease?

  Fever is a manifestation of an underlying condition, not a disease itself.
• What are the predisposing factors for disease?

  1. Age
  2. Heredity
  3. Gender
  4. Lifestyle
  5. Environment
• How does age affect susceptibility to disease?

  As the body gets older, organ systems become less efficient, making children and the elderly more susceptible to disease.
• What is heredity in the context of disease?

  Heredity refers to genetic factors that cannot be controlled and may predispose individuals to certain diseases.
• How does lifestyle influence health?

  Lifestyle includes habits that can have negative (detrimental) effects on health.
• What are environmental diseases?

  Environmental diseases are conditions caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents in the workplace or personal environment.
• What is the difference between signs and symptoms of a disease?

  Signs are objective evidence of a disease that can be observed by others, while symptoms are subjective evidence felt only by the patient.
• What are some examples of signs of disease?

  Examples include asthma, tuberculosis, cancer, and AIDS.
• How can signs be measured?

  Signs can be measured by monitoring pulse rate, temperature, x-rays, lab tests, and other machines.
• What are some examples of symptoms of disease?

  Symptoms include itching, body pain, nausea, and headache.
• How are symptoms experienced by patients?

  Symptoms are felt by the patient only and cannot be measured.
• What is pain in the context of disease?

  Pain is a symptom characterized by physical suffering with no exact measure.
• What are the indicators of inflammation?

  Indicators of inflammation include rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and loss of function.
• What are the types of diseases?

  1. Infectious Diseases

  • Caused by pathogens
  • Communicable (contagious)
  • Non-communicable (not contagious)

  1. Non-infectious Diseases

  • Allergy
  • Genetic
  • Metabolic
  • Cancer
  • Deficiency
• What is the process of diagnosis?

  Diagnosis involves determining the nature and circumstances of a disease through patient history, examination, and diagnostic tests.
• What is palliative treatment?

  Palliative treatment aims to make the patient more comfortable and improve quality of life for those with incurable diseases.
• What is curative treatment?

  Curative treatment is designed to cure the patient of their disease.
• What is epidemiology?

  Epidemiology is the study of how disease affects the overall health and well-being of a population.
• What does incidence refer to in epidemiology?

  Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a particular disease in a population.
• What does prevalence refer to in epidemiology?

  Prevalence refers to the total number of cases of a disease in a population.
• What is homeostasis?

  Homeostasis is a state of dynamic equilibrium where systems continuously adapt to establish a stable internal environment in response to external changes.
• What is homeostatic regulation?

  Homeostatic regulation involves adjustments to preserve homeostasis.
• What are the mechanisms of homeostatic regulation?


  1. Autoregulation - automatic adjustments (e.g., increased blood vessel dilation during exercise)
  2. Extrinsic regulation - by the nervous or endocrine systems (e.g., peripheral blood flow to active tissues in low O₂)
• How do the nervous and endocrine systems differ in their responses?

  The nervous system provides rapid, short-term responses, while the endocrine system provides slower, more long-term responses.
• What are the components of a feedback system?

  1. Receptor - detects stimulus changes in the environment
  2. Control Center - processes information and sends commands
  3. Effector - carries out the commands
• What happens if homeostasis fails?

  Failure to maintain homeostasis can lead to disease or possibly death.
• What is negative feedback?

  • Opposes variation from normal
  • The response of the effector negates the original stimulus
  • Examples: vasoconstriction/dilation, glucagon/insulin release
• What is positive feedback?

  Positive feedback amplifies original changes and is used when a dangerous process must be completed quickly.
• How do systems work together for homeostasis?

  • Responses/changes from one system directly or indirectly affect other systems.
  • Systems integrate to maintain homeostasis.
• What roles do different systems play in maintaining homeostasis?

  1. Body Temperature

  • Integumentary: heat loss (sweating)
  • Muscular: heat production
  • Cardiovascular: heat distribution
  • Nervous: coordination of blood flow, heat production, heat loss

  1. Body Fluid Volume

  • Urinary: elimination/conservation of water
  • Digestive: absorption of water
  • Integumentary: perspiration
  • Cardiovascular & Lymphatic: distribution of water
• What are the roles of systems in regulating body fluid composition?

  
  

  1) Nutrient Concentration

  Digestive: absorption, storage, release

  Cardiovascular: distribution

  Urinary: control of nutrient loss

  Skeletal: mineral storage and release

  
  

  1) O₂ and CO₂ levels

  Respiratory: absorption of O₂, elimination of CO₂

  Cardiovascular: internal transport of O₂ and CO₂

  
  

  1) Levels of toxins and pathogens

  Lymphatic: removal, destruction, or inactivation
• How do systems manage waste concentration and blood pressure?

  
  

  1) Waste concentration

  Urinary: excretion from blood

  Digestive: elimination from liver in feces

  Cardiovascular: transport to excretion sites

  
  

  1) Blood pressure

  Cardiovascular: pressure moves blood

  Nervous & Endocrine: heart rate and vasoconstriction/dilation can raise/lower blood pressure
• What are the membranous organelles?

  
  

  1) Nucleus

  2) Endoplasmic Reticulum

  3) Golgi Apparatus

  4) Mitochondria

  5) Vacuoles

  6) Perixosomes

  7) Lysosomes
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that controls the entry and exit of materials, providing isolation, protection, and sensitivity.