Anatomy and Physiology

• Neuron


  The structural and functional unit of the nervous system .
• Neuron: Parts

  • Cell body
  • Axon
  • Dendrites
• Cell Body 


  Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and interprets impulses.
• Axon


  Part of the neuron that carry impulses away from the cell body.
• Dendrites


  Part of the neuron that receives neural impulse toward the cell body
• Neuron: Parts

  • Cell body - interprets impulses
  • Dendrites - receives impulses
  • Axon - carry impulses

  (+) myelin sheath - speeds up impulses
• Myelin Sheath


  Covers the axon
• Myelin sheath 


  Speeds up neural transmission (impulse)
• Oligodendrocytes


  Creates myelin sheath in the CNS
• Schwann Cells 


  Create myelin sheath in the PNS
• The ANS (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) coordinates involuntary activities.
• The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. It regulates higher - level processes.
• The PNS is composed of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
• PNS


  It provides pathways to the CNS.
• Cerebrum 


  True brain
• Cerebrum

  "Seat of Intelligence"
• Cerebrum is divided into 2 sections called cerebral hemispheres.
• The outermost layer of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex.
• The falx cerebri divides the brain into the right and left cerebral hemispheres; the commissural tracts known as corpus callosum connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres.
• The left cortex has dominance for systematic analysis, language and speech, mathematics, abstraction and reasoning.
• The right cortex has dominance for assimilation of sensory experiences, such as visual - spatial information, and activities such as dancing, gymnastics, music and art appreciation.
• Lobes of the Cerebrum

  Frontal - movement, cognition
• Lobes of the Cerebrum

  Frontal - largest lobe
• Broca's Area


  Motor speech center
• If Broca's area is damaged = expressive aphasia
• Lobes of the Cerebrum

  Parietal - sensory lobe
• Lobes of the Cerebrum

  Temporal - auditory receptive area
• Lobes of the Cerebrum

  Temporal - memory
• Wernicke's Area


  Sensory speech area
• If Wernicke's Area is damaged = Receptive Aphasia
• Lobes of the Cerebrum

  Occipital - visual area
• Basal ganglia


  Is composed of layers of gray mater buried deep in the cerebral hemispheres.
• Basal Ganglia


  involved in voluntary movement and the control of movement.
• Diencephalon


  Is composed of the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
• Thalamus


  Relay center
• Hypothalamus


  Regulates the autonomic nervous system (ANS) functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, water and electrolyte balance, stomach and intestinal motility, glandular activity, body temperature, hunger, body weight, and sleep-wakefulness.
• Hypothalamus


  It serves as the master over the pituitary gland by releasing factors that stimulate or inhibit pituitary gland output.
• Limbic system


  It is the center for feelings and control of emotional expression (fear, anger, pleasure, sorrow).
• Brain stem

  Is composed of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
• Midbrain


  integrates visual and auditory reflexes