OR: M1-5

• What are the two categories of science discussed in Grade 7 research?

  Life science and physical science
• How is research defined by Calmorin and Calmorin (2007)?

  Research is a scientific investigation of phenomena, including collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of facts.
• What does Sanches (2002) say about research?

  Research is a continuous discovery and exploration of the unknown, leading to new ideas and methods.
• According to Parel (1966), what is research?

  Research is a systematic study or investigation of something to answer questions posed by the researcher.
• How does Sevilla (1990) define research?

  Research is searching for a theory, testing for a theory, and solving a problem.
• What is Kerlinger’s (1986) definition of research?

  Research is a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about natural phenomena.
• What are the characteristics of research according to Table 1?

  • Empirical: Based on firsthand experiences and observations
  • Logical: Systematic investigation
  • Cyclical: Starts and ends with a problem
  • Analytical: Uses proven systematic procedures
  • Replicable: Design can be replicated for validation
  • Critical: Exhibits careful and precise judgments
  • Methodical: Based on valid procedures and principles
• What is the main purpose of research according to Leann Zarah (2021)?

  The main purpose of research is to inform action, prove a theory, and contribute to knowledge development.
• What does Mary-Louise Kearney state about knowledge generated by research?

  It is the basis of sustainable development and should be converted into applications for widespread benefits.
• According to Crawford (1995), what is research?

  Research is a verified approach to thinking and employing instruments to obtain solutions to problems.
• What are the additional importance of research presented by Cuevas (2010)?

  1. Corrects and expands perceptions
  2. Gathers information on unknown subjects
  3. Develops and evaluates concepts, practices, and theories
  4. Obtains knowledge for practical purposes
  5. Provides hard facts for planning and decision-making
  6. Encourages curiosity and new ideas
  7. Advances technology
  8. Makes human work easier and faster
• How does Apfeldof (2018) define invention?

  Invention is the creation of something new resulting from curiosity or needs.
• What is required for an invention to be patented?

  It must be new, inventive, and possible to create and use.
• What does innovation refer to according to Apfeldof (2018)?

  Innovation refers to improvements made to something already established.
• What does the term 'innovatus' mean?

  'Innovatus' means 'to renew.'
• What is the significance of the Karaoke Sing Along System machine invented by Roberto del Rosario?

  It was invented and patented, leading to innovations like the video karaoke machine.
• What are the differences between invention and innovation according to Table 2?

  • Invention: Creating a new idea, original, single product
  • Innovation: Improving an existing idea, practical application, combination of products
• What skills are required for invention and innovation?

  Invention requires scientific skills, while innovation requires marketing and strategic skills.
• What is the significance of research in the learning process?


  It helps develop a long-term depth of knowledge on the research process.
• What are the two purposes of research?


  To solve a problem and to form a body of knowledge.
• What are the two broad applications of research?


  Basic and applied research.
• What is basic/pure research?


  • Involves developing and testing hypotheses and theories
  • Aims to add to the existing body of research methods
• What is applied research?


  • Done to solve specific practical questions or problems
  • Usually based on basic (pure) research
• What is qualitative research?


  • Focuses on words and meanings
  • Involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non-numerical data
• What is quantitative research?


  • Focuses on numbers and statistics
  • Involves collecting and analyzing numerical data
• What is descriptive research?


  • Gathers data without controlling any variables
  • Describes the characteristics of the variables under study
• What is correlational research?


  • A type of non-experimental research
  • Facilitates prediction and explanation of relationships among variables
• What is experimental research?


  • Manipulates and controls variables
  • Determines cause and effect relationships
• What is ethnography?

  • A qualitative method
  • Involves observing and interacting with participants in their real-life environment
• What is a case study?


  • An up-close, in-depth examination of a particular case
  • Conducted within a real-world context
• What is historical research?

  • A qualitative technique
  • Studies the meaning of past events to interpret facts and explain causes and effects
• What are the steps in the research process?


  1. Identifying the problem
  2. Reviewing literature
  3. Setting research questions, objectives, and hypotheses
  4. Choosing the study design
  5. Deciding on the sample design
  6. Collecting data
  7. Processing and analyzing data
  8. Writing the report
• What is the first step in the research process?


  Identifying the problem.
• What does reviewing literature involve?


  Finding out what’s being asked or what’s already been done in the area.
• What is a good research question?


  A question worth asking that poses a problem worth solving.
• What is the purpose of choosing the study design?


  To make a management plan for your research project.
• What is the importance of deciding on the sample design?


  It is essential for writing a detailed project proposal.
• What should you ensure when collecting data?


  That collected data potentially relates to the problem.
• What does processing and analyzing data involve?


  Arranging the data into a logical organization structure and interpreting their meaning.
• What is the final step in the research process?


  Writing the report.