Writer’s techinques

• What effect does Dickens use of “once upon a time” have on the reader?

  It foreshadows a happy ending.
• How does Dickens use Scrooge’s father as an example of foreshadowing?

  Fan explains that Scrooge’s father is “much kinder than he used to be” which foreshadows Scrooge’s own transformation later on.
• What effect does the limited amount of time the ghosts have with Scrooge have on the narrative pace?

  It speeds up the pace and creates dramatic tension for the reader.