Intro to neurology

• What are the components of the nervous system?

  Forebrain

  Brainstem

  Cerebellum

  Cervical spinal cord

  Cervical intumescence.

  Brachial plexus

  Thoracolumbar spinal cord.

  Lumbar intumescence

  Lumbar plexus.

  
• What cranial nerve(s) effect smell?

  Cranial nerve I - Olfactory
• What cranial nerve(s) effect vision?

  Cranial nerve II - Optic nerve
• What cranial nerve(s) effect eye movements?

  Cranial nerve III - Oculomotor

  Cranial nerve IV - Trochlear

  Cranial nerve VI - Abducens
• What cranial nerve(s) effect facial sensation and jaw movement?

  Cranial nerve V - Trigeminal
• What cranial nerve(s) effect facial expression?

  Cranial nerve VII - Facial
• What cranial nerve(s) effect hearing and balance?

  Cranial nerve VIII - vestibulocochlear
• What cranial nerve(s) effect swallowing and PNS?

  Cranial nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal

  Cranial nerve X - Vagus

  Cranial nerve XI - Accessory.
• What cranial nerve(s) effect tongue movement?

  Cranial nerve XII - Hypoglossal
• Lesion localisation - forebrain

  Altered mental status

  Central blindness/ deafness

  Inattention

  Normal to paretic gait (large circles towards the side of the lesion).

  Abnormal postural reactions (contralateral).

  Abnormal movements/postures (head pressing/head yaw).

  Seizures.
• Lesion localisation - cerebellum

  Ataxia

  Wide based stance

  Dysmetria (with normal strength)

  intention tremor (generalised and eyes).

  Extensor hypertonus.
• Lesion localisation - Diencephalon

  UMN signs in all four limbs or contralateral.

  Metnal depression

  optic nerve deficits

  Endocrine/autonomic deficits.

  Inappetence.
• Lesion localisation - midbrain

  UMN signs in all four limbs or contralateral

  Mental depression

  Ipsilateral occulomotor signs.
• Lesion localisation - vestibular

  Central:

  • Head tilt
  • Asymmetric ataxia
  • Nystagmus
  • Positional nystagmus
  • Decreased propioception
  • Paresis
  • Horner’s syndrome
  • Facial paralysis
  • Other cranial deficits.

  Peripheral:

  • Head tilt
  • Asymmetric ataxia
  • Nystagmus
  • Positional nystagmus
  • Horners
  • Facial paralysis
• Efferent pathways - lower motor neurone

  Final common pathway for voluntary motor activity.

  Needed for reflexes

  Needed to maintain tone.
• Efferent pathways - upper motor neurone

  Need for voluntary motor activity

  Not needed for reflexes.

  Not needed to maintain tone.