Structure of eukaryotic cells

• What is the function of the nucleus?

  The nucleus contains genetic information

  The nucleolus makes RNA and ribosomes

  Nuclear pores and nuclear envelope control entry and exit of substances
• What is the function of the mitochondria?

  Aerobic respiration

  The cristae is used in ATP production

  The matrix contains 70S ribosomes, enzymes and a small loop of DNA
• What is the function of the rough ER?

  Provides a large surface area for protein synthesis
• What is the function of the smooth ER?

  Provides a large surface area for lipid synthesis
• What is the function of the chloroplast?

  Site of photosynthesis

  Thylakoids/grana contain chlorophyll

  Starch grains store glucose

  Stroma contains 70S ribosomes, enzymes and a small loop of DNA
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Contains enzymes called lysozymes which hydrolyse pathogens and old organelles
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  Provides strength and rigidity

  Stops cells from bursting as plant cells contain a lot of water
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  The Golgi body modifies proteins and lipids by adding a carbohydrate to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

  Packages and labels them in Golgi vesicles which are then transported around or out of the cell
• What is the function of the vacuole?

  Supports plant cells when they are turgid

  In cells that make up petals, vacuoles contain coloured pigments that attract pollinators
• Describe how cells produce and secrete glycoproteins

  -Ribosomes on the rough ER produce proteins

  -Golgi body modifies it to a glycoprotein by adding a carbohydrate

  -Then packaged into a vesicle which fuses with the cell membrane

  -Mitochondria produces ATP to release energy for secretion
• Describe how cells produce and secrete glycolipids

  -Smooth ER produces lipids

  -Golgi body modifies it to a glycolipid by adding a carbohydrate

  -Then packaged into a vesicle which fuses with the cell membrane

  -Mitochondria produces ATP to release energy for secretion
• Describe the levels of organisation of cells into systems

  -Cells are differentiated to perform a specific function

  -Tissues are a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function

  -Organs are a group of tissues

  -Organ systems are a group of organs

  -Organisms are a group of organ systems