solubility and precipitation

• sodium, potassium and ammonium compounds are soluble
• all nitrates are soluble
• common chlorides are soluble except for with silver or lead(ii)
• common sulfates are soluble except for with barium, calcium and lead(ii)
• common carbonates are insoluble except for with sodium, potassium and ammonium
• common hydroxides are insoluble except for with sodium, potassium and ammonium. calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble
• common metal oxides are insoluble except for those of sodium and potassium because react with water to make solutions of metal hydroxides
• saturated solution

  a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature
• calculate solubility

  100 x max mass of dissolved solute/ mass of solvent
• units of solubility

  g/100g
• when drawing a solubility curve, temperature is on x axis, solubility is on y axis

  just join up the points, starting from first point - not origin
• spectator ions are ions that don't change in the reaction
• precipitation reaction

  
  

  is when an insoluble salt is formed from mixing two solutions of soluble salts. the insoluble salt formed is called the precipitate