Socialism in Europe

• What did liberals want in terms of religious tolerance?

  They wanted a nation which tolerated all religions.
• What type of government did liberals argue for?

  They argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government.
• What did liberals believe about the judiciary?

  They believed it should be well-trained and independent of rulers and officials.
• What was the conservative view on change after the nineteenth century?


  Conservatives accepted changes but believed change should begin slowly.
• What significant societal changes did the Industrial Revolution bring?

  It led to changes in social and economic life, new cities, and industrialized regions.
• Who sought work in factories during the Industrial Revolution?

  Men, women, and children came to factories in search of work.
• What were the working conditions like during the Industrial Revolution?

  Working hours were long, and wages were poor.
• What happened during times of low demand for industrial goods?

  There was unemployment during those times.
• How did liberals and radicals generate wealth?

  They made wealth through trade or industrial ventures.
• What did liberals and radicals believe was necessary for societal development?

  They believed in ensuring individual freedom, allowing the poor to labor, and letting those with capital operate without restraint.
• What did nationalists in France, Italy, Germany, and Russia talk about?

  They talked of revolutions to create ‘nations’ with equal rights.
• By the mid-nineteenth century, what was socialism known as in Europe?


  Socialism was a well-known body of ideas.
• What did socialists believe about private property?


  They saw private property as the root of all social ills and wanted to change it.
• Who sought to build a cooperative community called New Harmony?

  Robert Owen sought to build New Harmony.
• What did Louis Blanc want the government to do?

  He wanted the government to encourage cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises.
• What was Karl Marx's view on industrial society?

  He believed it was capitalist, with capitalists owning the capital invested in factories.
• According to Marx, how was profit generated in a capitalist society?

  The profit of capitalists was produced by workers.
• What did Marx believe about the future of society?

  He believed that a communist society was the natural society of the future.
• What international body was formed by socialists by the 1870s?

  The Second International was formed by socialists.
• What did associations formed by workers in Germany and England aim to achieve?


  They aimed to fight for better living and working conditions.
• What political parties were formed by socialists and trade unionists by 1905?

  The Labour Party and Socialist Party were formed.