Section 5

• What was the purpose of the Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments created by the League of Nations in 1921?

  To solve the question of disarmament
• What initiatives did the Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments propose?

  A ban on bombing civilians, restricting artillery and tanks, and prohibiting chemical warfare
• Why did delegates struggle to agree on disarmament measures?

  They could not resolve how nations would ensure their self-defense
• What was the main goal of the drafted Treaty of Mutual Assistance?

  To provide a severe deterrent against aggression
• What was the timeframe for the League to assess aggressors under the Treaty of Mutual Assistance?

  4 days
• Why was the Treaty of Mutual Assistance unpopular among nations?

  Due to unclear guidelines on aggressors and the requirement for members to provide troops
• Which country provided the most resistance to the Treaty of Mutual Assistance?

  Britain
• What was the aim of the Dawes Plan in 1924?

  To restructure reparations and support the German economy
• How did the French occupation of Germany affect international sympathy towards Germany?

  It led many to sympathize with Germany
• What were the terms of the Dawes Plan regarding reparations?

  The reparation repayment scheme was restructured, and Germany would resume control of the Ruhr
• What condition did France place on accepting the Dawes Plan?

  That a General Reparations Agent be sent to supervise payments
• What were the consequences of the Dawes Plan for Germany?

  Germany’s international and economic standing greatly improved
• How did the Dawes Plan affect the Treaty of Versailles?

  It undermined the Treaty of Versailles
• What was the purpose of the Geneva Protocol in 1924?

  To define and respond to acts of aggression
• Why was the Geneva Protocol ineffective?

  Because an 'act of aggression' was never defined
• What did Britain refuse to do regarding the Geneva Protocol?

  Ratify the Geneva Protocol
• What was the main proposal revealed by Stresemann during the Locarno negotiations?

  Germany would voluntarily guarantee its current western border
• What did the Locarno Treaties guarantee?

  The Rhineland’s demilitarization and Germany’s borders with France and Belgium
• When did Germany take its place on the League's Permanent Council?

  September 1926
• How did the reactions to the Locarno Treaties vary among European nations?

  European security increased, but reactions were mixed with some disappointment
• What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact entail?

  62 nations pledged to never go to war again
• Why was the Kellogg-Briand Pact considered practically useless?

  Because it did not specify any sanctions for violations
• What was one major factor behind the Great Depression starting in 1929?

  A loss of confidence in the American economy
• How many banks failed in the US in 1929?

  659 banks
• What was the impact of the Great Depression on international relations?

  The economic crisis spread globally, affecting debtor nations
• What was the Smoot-Hawley Tariff?

  A 1930 US tariff that extended protectionist tariffs to over 20,000 imported goods
• How did Britain respond to the economic crisis during the Great Depression?

  By granting itself favorable trade agreements within the Empire
• What was the gold standard?

  A system linking a currency’s exchange rate to a specified amount of gold
• What was one immediate benefit for Britain after abandoning the gold standard?

  More freedom to stimulate its own economy
• What were the two blocs that emerged among leading economies during the Great Depression?

  Those who remained in the gold standard and those who left it
• How did the Great Depression affect the Weimar government in Germany?

  It led to increased unemployment and support for extremist parties
• What was the Hoover moratorium on reparations?

  A temporary suspension of debt repayment grants proposed by Herbert Hoover
• What was the outcome of the Lausanne Conference on reparations in 1932?

  Reparations would end with Germany paying a final 3000 million Marks
• What was the main aim of the London Conference in 1933?

  To restore economic confidence and raise prices
• Why did the London Conference ultimately fail?

  Without the President's approval, no agreements were made
• What was the significance of the World Disarmament Conference from 1932-34 for Germany?

  Germany had bargaining power as they had been forced to disarm
• What resolutions were made by the League of Nations during the World Disarmament Conference?

  To place limits on artillery and tanks and to ban bombing civilians and chemical warfare
• What was a major flaw in the objectives of the World Disarmament Conference?

  There was very little on how these objectives would be secured
• What was the outcome of the conference mentioned in the study material?

  No agreements were made
• Why did nationalist governments, like Germany, note the failure of the last international effort to resolve the consequences of the Depression?

  Because it highlighted the ineffectiveness of international cooperation