Surveying (Chapter 1)

• What is surveying defined as?

  Surveying is the art or science to determine the relative position of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth.
• How does Rayner and Schmidt define surveying?

  They define it as the art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth’s surface measured through distance, direction, and elevation.
• What does Clarke state about surveying?


  Clarke states that surveying involves making measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth where natural and artificial features are exhibited in their correct relationships.
• What are the general classifications of surveying?

  • Plane Surveys
  • Geodetic Surveys
• What is a Plane Survey?


  A Plane Survey is a type of surveying where the earth is considered a flat surface, disregarding its exact shape.
• In what scenarios are Plane Surveys typically conducted?

  Plane Surveys are done for engineering projects and for establishing boundaries.
• What is a Geodetic Survey?

  A Geodetic Survey takes into account the shape or curvature of the earth’s surface and exercises a higher degree of precision in measurements.
• What is the purpose of Geodetic Surveys?

  Geodetic Surveys deal with fixing control points that may be used for Plane Surveys.
• What are the types of surveys based on the instrument used?

  1. Chain Survey
  2. EDM (Electronic Distance Measuring)
  3. GPS (Global Positioning System)
  4. Leveling
  5. Plane Tabling
  6. Traverse Survey
  7. Tacheometry
• What is a Chain Survey?

  A Chain Survey involves measurements done with a chain and tape, consisting of linear measurements only.
• How does EDM work?

  EDM relies on the propagation, reflection, and reception of light or radio waves to display measurement results.
• What is the purpose of GPS?

  The Global Positioning System determines location, speed, direction, and time using signals from satellites.
• What does leveling determine?


  Leveling determines the relative vertical heights or elevations of points using a level and a level rod.
• What is Plane Tabling?

  Plane Tabling is a graphical method of surveying where fieldwork and plotting are done simultaneously using a plane table.
• What is a Traverse Survey?

  A Traverse Survey involves measuring linear distances with a chain and tape, followed by measuring angles with a compass or transit.
• What does Tacheometry measure?

  Tacheometry determines both horizontal and vertical distances by observing a stadia or level rod with a telescope equipped with stadia wires.
• What are the types of surveys based on purpose?

  1. Archeological Survey
  2. Cadastral Survey
  3. City Survey
  4. Construction Survey
  5. Defense Survey
  6. Forestry Survey
  7. Geological Survey
  8. Geographical Survey
  9. Industrial Survey

  10. Mine Survey

  11. Route Survey

  12. Topographic Survey
• What is the purpose of an Archeological Survey?

  An Archeological Survey is done to unearth or excavate relics of civilizations buried due to calamities.
• What is a Cadastral Survey?

  A Cadastral Survey is a closed survey undertaken to determine and define property lines, corners, and areas.
• What is the purpose of a City Survey?

  A City Survey is conducted to plan expansions, locate property lines, and prepare maps of areas in and near a city.
• What does a Construction Survey provide?

  A Construction Survey provides data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, and the location of structures for engineers and architects.
• What is the purpose of a Defense Survey?

  A Defense Survey provides critical applications in the military and strategic information that can influence the outcome of war.
• What does a Forestry Survey involve?

  A Forestry Survey is executed in connection with forest management and the conservation of forest lands.
• What is the purpose of a Geological Survey?

  A Geological Survey involves both surface and subsurface surveying to determine the location and reserves of minerals and rock types.
• What does a Geographical Survey provide data for?

  A Geographical Survey provides data for preparing geographical maps depicting land use efficiency and irrigation sources.
• What is an Industrial Survey?

  An Industrial Survey refers to the use of surveying techniques in industries requiring accurate dimensional layouts.
• What is the purpose of a Mine Survey?

  A Mine Survey is performed to determine the position of underground excavations and surface mine structures.
• What does a Route Survey involve?

  A Route Survey involves determining alignment, grades, and locations of objects for planning linear projects like highways and railroads.
• What is a Topographic Survey?

  A Topographic Survey determines the shape of the ground and the location of natural and artificial features upon it.
• What are the types of surveys based on the place of survey?

  1. Aerial Survey
  2. Land Survey
  3. Hydrographic Survey
  4. Underground Survey
• What is an Aerial Survey?

  An Aerial Survey is carried out by taking photographs with a camera fitted in an airplane, also known as a photogrammetric survey.
• What does a Land Survey consist of?


  A Land Survey consists of re-running old land lines, subdividing land, and setting monuments.
• What does a Hydrographic Survey deal with?


  A Hydrographic Survey deals with bodies of water and acquires data to chart shorelines.
• What is an Underground Survey?


  An Underground Survey prepares underground plans by transferring bearings and coordinates from the surface to the underground baseline.
• What are the characteristics of work in surveying?

  1. Fieldwork: Involves adjusting instruments, making measurements, and recording data.
  2. Office work: Involves calculations to transform field measurements for plotting.