TFN

• What are the key concepts discussed in relation to nursing theory?

  Person, health, environment, nursing, and other related concepts on caring and altered health
• How does nursing theory influence a nurse's approach to practice?

  It guides the nurse's actions and decision-making in patient care
• What is a theory in the context of nursing?

  • A notion or idea that explains experience
  • Interprets observation and describes relationships
  • Projects outcomes
• What are theories considered to be in relation to human experience?

  Theories are human inventions created to help understand and create meaning from our experiences
• What is a concept in nursing theory?

  An idea formulated by the mind or an experience perceived and observed
• What does a proposition do in the context of nursing theory?

  A proposition explains the relationships of different concepts
• What is the purpose of definitions in nursing theory?

  To convey a general meaning and reduce vagueness in understanding concepts
• What are assumptions in nursing theory?

  Statements that specify the relationship or connection of factual concepts or phenomena
• What are the characteristics of a theory?

  1. Correlates concepts to generate new insights
  2. Must be logical in nature
  3. Should be simple but generally broad
  4. Can generate testable hypotheses
  5. Enriches the body of knowledge
  6. Directs and enhances practice
  7. Consistent with validated theories but leaves open questions
• What are descriptive theories in nursing?

  • Primary level of theory development
  • Identify and describe major concepts of phenomena
  • Do not explain relationships of concepts
  • Example: Descriptive research on Filipino nursing practices
• What are explanatory theories in nursing?

  • Present relationships among concepts and propositions
  • Aim to provide information on how or why concepts are related
  • Explain cause and effect relationships
  • Example: Research on factors affecting newborns in failing to thrive
• What are predictive theories in nursing?

  • Describe future outcomes based on relationships of concepts
  • Generated and tested using experimental research
  • Example: Model observing effects of unsanitary conditions on post-operative recovery
• What are prescriptive theories in nursing?

  • Deal with nursing actions and test the validity of interventions
  • Commonly used in testing new nursing interventions
  • Example: Laurente’s theory on nursing management in emergency rooms
• Who is recognized as the founder of modern nursing?

  Florence Nightingale
• What was Florence Nightingale's vision for nursing?

  To have nurses as educated women in public service
• When was Florence Nightingale born?

  12 May 1820
• What significant contribution did Nightingale make after the Crimean War?

  She established a School of Nursing at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London
• What did Nightingale recognize about nursing knowledge?

  That it is distinct from medical knowledge
• What did Nightingale believe was a nurse's proper function?

  To put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon them
• What significant change occurred in nursing education during the mid-1930s?

  A standardized curriculum was published and adopted by many diploma programs
• What shift occurred in nursing education during the second half of the twentieth century?

  Diploma programs began closing, and more programs opened in colleges and universities
• What was the focus of nursing practice in the 1950s?

  To develop nursing knowledge apart from medical knowledge
• What was the curriculum era in nursing education?

  It addressed what content nurses should study to learn how to be a nurse
• What did the research emphasis era in nursing signify?

  It marked the beginning of understanding that research was essential for new nursing knowledge
• What was revealed by the evaluation of the first 25 years of the journal Nursing Research?

  Nursing studies lacked conceptual connections and theoretical frameworks
• What were the two significant milestones in the evolution of nursing theory?

  1. Standardization of curricula for nursing master’s education
  2. Decision for doctoral education for nurses to be in nursing
• What characterized the graduate education era in nursing?

  • Inclusion of courses in concept development and nursing models
  • Introduction to early nursing theorists
  • Development of specialized nursing knowledge
• What debate occurred in the 1970s regarding nursing?

  Whether nursing should be based on other disciplines or be nursing-based
• What did Meleis (2007) state about theory in nursing?

  That theory is integral to nursing education, administration, and practice
• What was the significance of the theory era in nursing?

  It emphasized theory development and testing in doctoral education
• What characterized the 1980s in nursing theory development?

  • Transition from pre-paradigm to paradigm
  • Introduction of Fawcett’s four global nursing concepts
  • Classification of nursing models within a metaparadigm
• What shift occurred in nursing scholarship in the last decades of the century?

  Emphasis shifted from learning about theorists to utilizing theoretical works for research and practice
• What did Kuhn (1970) describe in relation to nursing theory?

  His description of normal science clarifies the evolution of nursing theory through paradigm science
• What did Fitzpatrick and Whall (1983) say about nursing?

  That nursing was on the brink of an exciting new era
• What was the focus of the theory utilization era in nursing?

  • Application of theory in practice, education, administration, and research
  • Restoration of balance between research and practice
  • Development of nursing knowledge
• What did nursing leaders recognize about theory from other disciplines?

  That it had limitations in describing, explaining, or predicting nursing outcomes
• What is the significance of nursing theory for the discipline?

  • Dependency on theory for continued existence
  • Transition from vocation to professional discipline
  • Development of a knowledge base for practice
• How has nursing education evolved in terms of knowledge focus?

  Nursing has moved from a functional focus to a knowledge focus
• What do frameworks and theories provide for nursing practice?

  • Structures about human beings and their health
  • Perspectives for professional practice
  • Guidance for patient-centered care
• What is the relationship between nursing knowledge and the existence of nursing as an academic discipline?

  Nursing knowledge is essential for the existence of nursing as an academic discipline