attitude and cog dis

• What is the definition of an attitude?

  An attitude is a learned, stable, and relatively enduring evaluation of a person, object, event, or idea.
• How do attitudes affect an individual's behavior?

  Attitudes can cause an individual to respond in either a positive or negative way to different situations.
• Are attitudes innate or learned?

  Attitudes are learned through experience.
• What does it mean that attitudes have a direction?

  It means that attitudes can lead to positive or negative responses to situations.
• What influences the intensity of an attitude?

  The intensity of an attitude is reflected in our actions and can vary based on personal experiences and influences.
• What are the two forms of attitudes?


  Attitudes can be implicit or explicit.
• What is an explicit attitude?

  An explicit attitude is a conscious level where people openly state their attitude and behave accordingly.
• What is an implicit attitude?

  An implicit attitude is an unconscious, involuntary response that individuals may not be aware they hold.
• How can attitudes be observed?

  Attitudes are most obviously observed through one’s behavior.
• What does it mean that attitude is a dynamic construct?

  It means that attitudes can change over time.
• What factors can cause a discrepancy between behavior and attitude?

  Factors include attitude salience, attitude specificity, information about the attitude, and the external/social situation.
• What are the functions of attitudes?

  • Predispose individuals to behave in particular ways
  • Enable interpretation and evaluation of attitude objects
  • Help avoid worry and confusion
  • Facilitate understanding and processing of information
• How do attitudes help individuals evaluate attitude objects?

  Attitudes help individuals stand up for their values and beliefs and protect their self-esteem.
• What are the components of the tri-component model of attitudes?

  • Affective Component: feelings and emotional responses
  • Behaviour Component: physical actions towards the object
  • Cognitive Component: thoughts and beliefs about the object
• What does the affective component of attitude refer to?

  The affective component refers to a person’s feelings and emotional responses to an attitude object.
• What does the behavior component of attitude refer to?

  The behavior component refers to a person’s actions towards an attitude object.
• What does the cognitive component of attitude refer to?

  The cognitive component refers to a person’s thoughts, ideas, and understanding about an attitude object.
• What is a limitation of the tripartite model of attitudes?

  The tripartite model does not indicate the strength of an attitude.
• How can social learning shape attitudes?

  Social learning shapes attitudes through lived experiences and interactions with others.
• What are cultural influences on attitude formation?

  Cultural groups have pre-existing social norms that influence expected behaviors.
• What are the two main cultural groups in society?

  The two main cultural groups are individualistic and collectivist.
• How do individualistic and collectivist cultures differ?

  They differ in values, self-concept, cognitive processes, and resulting attitudes and behaviors.
• Who proposed the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance?

  Leon Festinger proposed the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance in 1957.
• What does the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance examine?

  It examines the relationship between cognitions (beliefs and attitudes) and behavior.
• What psychological discomfort does cognitive dissonance refer to?

  Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or behaving contrary to one's beliefs.
• What are the three immediate behaviors driven by cognitive dissonance?

  The three behaviors are avoidance, reduction, and rationalization.
• What does avoidance mean in the context of cognitive dissonance?

  Avoidance refers to intentionally avoiding information or scenarios that may increase cognitive dissonance.
• What does reduction refer to in cognitive dissonance?

  Reduction refers to decreasing dissonance by changing one of the conflicting elements, such as belief or behavior.
• What does rationalization involve in cognitive dissonance?

  Rationalization involves creating logical but possibly false explanations to make conflicting beliefs or behaviors seem consistent.
• What strategies do individuals use to minimize cognitive dissonance?

  Individuals may change their beliefs, behavior, or perceptions of the action to minimize cognitive dissonance.
• How can changing beliefs help reduce cognitive dissonance?

  Changing beliefs aligns thoughts and actions, thus reducing dissonance.
• How can changing behavior help reduce cognitive dissonance?

  Changing behavior aligns actions with existing beliefs, thus reducing dissonance.
• How can changing perception help reduce cognitive dissonance?

  Changing perception involves reinterpreting behavior to make it seem less conflicting with one's beliefs.
• What is the difference between the effects of cognitive dissonance and responses to cognitive dissonance?

  • Effects of cognitive dissonance: general strategies to manage dissonance
  • Responses to cognitive dissonance: specific strategies individuals use to minimize feelings of dissonance
• What is cognitive dissonance?

  Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
• What strategies do individuals employ to minimize feelings of cognitive dissonance?

  Individuals may change their beliefs, change their behavior, or change their perception of the behavior.
• What are the specific strategies to respond to cognitive dissonance?

  • Change in beliefs: Altering beliefs to align with behavior.
  • Change in behavior: Modifying behavior to match existing beliefs.
  • Change in perception: Rationalizing behavior to reduce conflict with beliefs.
• How do the effects of cognitive dissonance differ from the responses to cognitive dissonance?

  Effects refer to broader strategies to manage dissonance, while responses refer to specific strategies individuals use to reduce it.
• What does the magnitude of cognitive dissonance refer to?

  The magnitude of cognitive dissonance refers to the intensity of the dissonance experienced.
• When does an individual experience higher levels of cognitive dissonance?

  Higher levels of dissonance occur when individuals have strong beliefs but act in opposition to those beliefs.