Respiration

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Created by
Tristan Chan

Cards (43)

  • What is respiration
    • Chemical process
    • Oxidation of food substances with the release of energy in living cells
  • What is breathing
    • Physical process
    • A mechanical ventilation process, supplying oxygen needed for respiration
  • Cellular respiration - (Aerobic respiration)
    • Aerobes need oxygen
    • Oxidation of glucose to provide large amount of energy
    • Breakdown of food substances, producing ATP in cytoplasm and mitochondria
    • CO2 and H2O produced as waste products
  • Cellular respiration - (Anaerobic respiration)
    • Anaerobes does not need oxygen to produce ATP
    • Most bacteria are anaerobes
    • Breakdown of food substances to produce smaller amounts of energy
    • Two most common forms
    • Alcoholic Fermentation
    • Lactic acid Fermentation
  • Alcoholic Fermentation
    • Carried out by yeast which can respire aerobically and anaerobically
    • One molecule of glucose if converted to two molecules of ethanol and CO2
    • Impartial breakdown of glucose
    • Small amount of ATP is produced
    • Energy stored as ethanol
  • Lactic acid Fermentation
    • Does not need oxygen
    • Produces ATP
    • Carried out by muscles under oxygen depth, during vigorous muscle contractions
    • Muscles undergo anaerobic respiration to produce energy
    • Lactic acid is produced
    • At high concentrations, lactic acid which is toxic can cause fatigue, soreness, and pain to muscles
    • 1 molecule of glucose is broken down to 2 molecules of ATP
  • Anaerobic respiration in skeletal muscle
    • Skeletal muscles normally undergo aerobic respiration
    • During vigorous muscle contractions, an increased supply of oxygen is transported to the muscles due to the higher rate of breathing and heartbeat
    • However, got limit to rate of heartbeat and breathing. When there is oxygen shortage, skeletal muscles undergo anaerobic respiration to provide energy
    • Glucose if partially oxidised
  • Anaerobic respiration in skeletal muscle
    • When muscles undergo anaerobic respiration, lactic acid is produced as a waste product
    • Still got energy in lactic acid
    • Lactic acid slowly builds up in muscles
    • At high concentrations, toxic lactic acid will cause soreness, fatigue and pain to muscles
    • Body needs to rests and recover
  • Anaerobic respiration - (Importance of fermentation)
    1. Baking industry
    2. Alcohol industry
  • Respiration experiments
    • Limewater tests for carbon dioxide
    • First flask filled with KOH to remove carbon dioxide
    • Second flask filled with limewater to check if only oxygen enters the second flask
    • Limewater will remain clear if only oxygen present
    • Third flask occupied with living organism
    • Last flask filled with limewater to check for the presence of carbon dioxide
    • Will have a white precipitate if carbon dioxide present
  • Respiration experiments
    • Hydrogen carbonate indicator tests
    • When hydrogencarbonate indicator is red = neutral
    • When hydrogencarbonate indicator is purple = carbon dioxide removed, so alkaline
    • When hydrogencarbonate indicator is yellow = carbon dioxide is added, so acidic
  • Respiration experiments
    • Test to see if carbon dioxide is produced during fermentation
    • Glucose is boiled to remove oxygen
    • Layer of oil is kill off bacteria
    • Limewater will have a white precipitate is carbon dioxide is present
  • Respiration experiments
    • Tests to see if heat is produced during respiration
    • Milton solution used to disinfect seeds, prevent them from leaving + allows air to enter
    • Cotton wool used to trap air + poor conductor of heat
  • Respiratory system diagram
    1. Nasal passage
    2. External nostril
    3. Bronchi (Plural) + Bronchus (Singular)
    4. Pharynx
    5. Larynx
    6. Tranchea
    7. Intercostal muscles
    8. Ribs
    9. Cluster of alveoli (Plural), Alveolus (Singular)
    10. Bronchioles (Plural), Bronchiole (Singular)
  • Path of air through respiratory system
    • Atmosphere, external nostril, nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, tranchea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
  • Muscles used for ventilation
    • Muscles for inspiration: External intercostal muscles + diaphram
    • Muscles for expiration: Internal intercostal muscles + abdominal muscles
  • Functions of respiratory system
    • Exchange of oxygen
    • Exchange of carbon dioxide
    • Regulation of pH
    • Vocalization
    • Filter, warm and moistens air
    • Protect alveoli
  • Conducting system - (Division, diameter, how many, cross sectional area)
    1. Tranchea (0, 15 to 22, 1, 2.5)
    2. Primary Bronchi (1, 10 to 15, 2, below 2.5)
    3. Smaller Bronchi (2 to 3 to 4 to 5 to 6 to 11, 1 to 10, 4 to 1x10^4, way below 2.5)
  • Exchange surface - (Division, diameter, how many, cross sectional area)
    1. Bronchioles (12 to 23, 0.5 to 1, 2 x 10^4 to 8 x 10^7, 100 to 5 x 10^3)
    2. Alveoli (24, 0.3, 3.6 x 10^8, more than 1 x 10^6)
  • Inspiration of air
    1. Diaphragm contracts and flattens
    2. Internal intercoastal muscles relax, external intercoastal muscles contracts
    3. Causes ribs to move upwards and outwards, sternum also moves up and forward
    4. Ribs swing up, increasing volume of thorax and thoracic cavity
    5. Air pressure in lungs causes them to expand, filling up the space of the enlarged thorax
    6. Expansion of lungs causes air pressure in lungs to decrease. This causes atmospheric pressure to be higher than air pressure in lungs, causing air to rush into lungs.
  • Expiration of air
    1. Diaphragm relaxes and arches upward
    2. External intercoastal muscles relax while internal intercoastal muscles contracts
    3. Causes ribs to move downwards and inwards, sternum also moves back to original position
    4. Ribs swings down, decreasing the volume of the thorax and thoracic cavity
    5. This causes the lungs to decrease in volume, causing the air pressure in the lungs to increase
    6. Air pressure in lungs now higher than atmospheric pressure, causing air to be forced out of lungs.
  • Structure of alveoli
    1. Branch from the pulmonary vein
    2. Terminal bronchi
    3. Branch from the pulmonary artery
  • Structure of alveoli
    1. Smooth muscles
    2. Alveolus
    3. Capillaries
    4. Elastic fibers
  • Oxygen uptake in lungs and supply to cells
    • 2% of oxygen dissolved in plasma
    • 98% found in haemoglobin
    • Blood holds oxygen reserve
    • Oxygen in cells used for cellular respiration
    • RBC picks up oxygen as it passes through alveolus + capillary wall, then into RBC to form oxyhaemoglobin
  • Carbon dioxide removal
    • Formula to remember:
    • CO2 + H2O > (CA) H2CO3
    • H2CO3 then breaks up into HCO3^- and H^+, Hb and Hb.H
    • CA: Carbonic anhydrase, which dissolves CO2 in water, to form carbonic acid
    • CO2 transported by plasma. Plasma also transports HCO3^- to the lungs
    • Cl^- replaces HCO3^-
    • Dissolved carbon dioxide percentage = 7%.
    • HCO3^- percentage in plasma = 70%
  • Conditioning of air
    • Before reaching the lungs, air is filtered, warmed and moistened
    • Air picks up moisture from mucus in mucous membrane
    • Air also warmed to body temperature
    • Filtration of air is accomplished by trapping and removing dust particles, bacteria and foreign particles by cilia and mucus
  • Mucus and cilia
    • Cilia are hair like structures in the mucous membrane
    • Cilia move constantly, transporting mucus laden with foreign particles to the pharnx
    • Mucus is then sneezed or swallowed
  • Adaptations of alveoli
    1. Millions to provide large surface area for gaseous exchange
    2. Walls of alveoli are covered with water to dissolve gases
    3. Walls of alveoli are one cell thick to allow quick and easy diffusion
    4. Richly supplied with capillaries for rapid transport
  • Components of inspired and expired air
    1. Oxygen - (21% and 16%)
    2. Carbon dioxide - (0.03% and 4%)
    3. Nitrogen - (78% and 78%)
    4. Water - (Variable and saturated)
    5. Dust particles - (Relatively more and relatively less)
    6. Temperature - (Variable and body temperature)
  • Procedure to show effect of exercise on rate of breathing
    1. Count the number of breaths in 1 minute for a person at rest
    2. Do it three times and take the average
    3. Ask the person to do 5 minutes of vigorous exercise
    4. Count the number of breaths in 30 seconds over a period of 10 minutes
    5. Calculate the number of breaths per minute
    6. Plot a graph of the number breaths against time
  • Procedure to show effect of exercise on depth of breathing
    1. Ask the person to breath in and out into a tube connected to a respirometer
    2. Respirometer calculates the frequency and depth of breathing
    3. Person should then do 5 minutes of vigorous exercise
    4. Respirometer will then plot a graph of results
  • Pulmonary function test and respiratory volume
    • Spirometer = evaluates the respiratory function
    1. Complemental air
    2. Tidal air
    3. Supplemental air
    4. Residual air
    5. Total capacity
  • Effects of Tabacco smoke - (Properties + effects)
    1. Nicotine
    2. Properties
    3. Addictive drug
    4. Causes the release of hormone adrenaline
    5. Makes blood clots easily
    6. When adrenaline rushes to prevent blood from flowing out when scratched
    7. Effects
    8. Increased heart beat and blood pressure
    9. Increased chances of blood clots happening
  • Effects of Tabacco smoke - (Properties + effects)
    2. Carbon monoxide
    1. Properties
    2. Combines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin
    3. Reduces oxygen transport efficiency of RBC
    4. Effects
    5. Death if concentration in air increases by 1%
    6. Increased chance of blood clots happening
    7. Increased chances of artherosclerosis
  • Effects of Tabacco smoke - (Properties + effects)
    3. Tar
    1. Properties
    2. Contains cancer causing chemicals
    3. Induces the uncontrolled cell division of the epithelial
    4. Paralyses the cilia lining the air passages
    5. Effects
    6. Blockage of air passage + reduces gas exchange efficiency
    7. Dust particles trapped in mucus lining the air passages cannot be removed
  • Effects of Tabacco smoke - (Properties + effects)Irritants
    4. Irritants
    1. Properties
    2. Paralyses the cilia lining the air passages
    3. Effects
    4. Increased chance of chronic bronchitis + emphysema
  • Smoking related diseases
    • Chronic bronchitis
    • Epithelium lining the air passages is inflamed
    • Excessive mucus secreted by epithelium
    • Cilia on epithelium paralysed
    • Mucus and dust particles unable to be removed
    • Air passage is blocked and breathing is difficult
    • Affected person develops persistent cough to clear up airway + has a higher risk of lung infections
  • Smoking related disease
    • Emphysema
    • Destruction of alveoli due to violent cough
    • Reduces surface area for gaseous exchange
    • Lungs loses elasticity and inflated with air
    • Breathing is difficult, leads to wheezing and breathlessness
  • Effects of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
    1. Chronic obstruction pulmonary diseases
    2. Blockage of airways causes abnormal ventilation
    3. Dyspnea causes hypoxermia
    4. Frequent infections causes hypoventilation
  • Smoking and pregnancy
    • Nicotine
    • Narrows the arteries which carry blood to placenta
    • Reduces the amount of nutrients that reaches the fetus
    • Carbon monoxide
    • Reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the fetus through the placenta