Immunity

• Antibiotics are chemical substance (fungi or bacteria) that affect working bacterial cells, either by disrupting their structure, function or by preventing them from reproducing
• Antibiotic resistance is caused by...

  1. Overuse when not necessary
  2. Failing to complete the full course
  3. When not needed (farming especially to try prevent a disease)
• To prevent antibiotic resistance...

  1. Only taking when necessary
  2. when prescribed antibiotics take full course even if you feel better
  3. When your sick give your body a chance to recover by itself
• Antibiotic resistance poses dangers because the diseases will not be able to be treated which can be life threatening
• Antibioic resistance pathogens are a process of natural selection (evolution)
• Penicillin - inhibit cell wall synthesis
• Tetracycline - inhibits protein synthesis
• Ciprofloxacin - inhibits DNA gyrase, preventing DNA replication
• Antibiotics is high effective on bacteria nothing else though
• First line of defence: Physical barriers of pathogens e.g. skin, mucous membrane - Stops pathogen from entering the body
• 2nd line of defence: Inflammatory response (non-specific response ) e.g. redness, swelling, pain, heat fever. Body will release phagocytes on pathogens to attack and engulf foreign particles side effects are being inflamed.
• 3rd line of defence: Specific immune response e.g. antibodies and memory cells - these cells target pathogens to create antibodies to be able to memories their antigen to recognise them again
• Antibodies are able to recognise specific pathogen through their specific protein signatures (antigens) to trigger an immune response. Memoruy cells are produced at this stage (remembers what the antigen looks like)
• Foreign particles in our bodies will stimulate our memory lymphocytes (white blood cells) to make antibodies.
• Each antigen has specific antibody
• Passive immunity results when antibodies are transferred to a person (by infusion, injection or medicine) who has never been exposed to the pathogen.
• Passive immunity is only for short period of time
• Passive immunity does not actively reproduce any antibodies
• Passive immunity examples:

  1. Breast Milk
  2. Injections
• Active immunity is the bodily response against pathogens to produce immune cells and antibodies actively need to fight infection
• Active immunity occurs...

  1. Exposed to live pathogen - developing antibodies in response to their infection
  2. Vaccinations develop active immunity of antibodies, but not developing a disease
• Active immunity is slow acting but long lasting
• Vaccinations are here to help give protection against specific diseases, and fights against infections.
• Vaccinations are altered diseases (weakened specific pathogens) that are injected into the body for lymphocytes to start to develop antibodies against the specific antigen. The antibodies target the antigens and attach themselves to create memory cells. Memory cells remain in blood and will quickly respond to antigens encountered again by an infection of a live pathogen.
• It is important to have regular vaccinations for the flu and corno virus, due to the virus' constant replication process. Flu and Corno virus will always have new variants of the same virus. This will make sure you won’t get sick by the same illness.
• Herd immunity: When large proportion of population is immune to a disease resulting in less likely results for disease to be spread, allowing for protection for individuals who are not immune
• Antibiotics are chemicals made from fungi that kill or inhibit the reproduction and growth of bacteria. Therefore they may be taken orally or via injection to control bacterial infections.
• Antibiotics interfere with cell walls/or the life processes of bacteria so the cater dies. Viruses do not have cells wall or carry out life processes so antibiotics do not work against viruses.
• Bacteria Pathogens: Antibiotics
• Fungi pathogen: Tropical cream
• Viral pathogen: No cure, vaccine preventative
• By ensuring vaccination rates, this will prevent community outbreaks, preventing people from getting very ill, saving lives.
• The immune systems is made up of the lymphatic system, where white blood cels protect the body against the pathogens.